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      Use of non-invasive neuromodulation in the treatment of pain in temporomandibular dysfunction: preliminary study Translated title: Uso da neuromodulação não invasiva no tratamento da dor em disfunção temporomandibular: um estudo preliminar

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          Abstract

          ABSTRACT BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: In temporomandibular disorder, the pain is a very present and striking symptom, with a tendency to chronicity, through mechanisms of maladaptive neuroplasticity. In the face of this, transcranial direct current stimulation appears as a possible strategy for the treatment of chronic pain in the temporomandibular disorder. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of anodal transcranial direct current stimulation in the pain symptoms and anxiety levels in individuals with chronic myofascial temporomandibular disorder. METHODS: The participants received three different types of intervention in a randomized order: anodic in the primary motor cortex, in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and sham stimulation. RESULTS: There were significant improvements in clinical pain in all stimulation protocols, with a relief of approximately 40% (p=0.001). There was no significant difference in the effect of the transcranial direct current stimulation between the different types of stimulation (p=0.14). There was a positive impact on anxiety symptoms, leading to a significant decrease in state anxiety levels (p=0.035) and trait (p=0.009). CONCLUSION: The use of the transcranial direct current stimulation improved the health status of patients with chronic myofascial temporomandibular disorder, promoting pain relief, decreased level of anxiety, and quality of life.

          Translated abstract

          RESUMO JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: Na disfunção temporomandibular, a dor aparece de forma frequente e marcante, com tendência à cronicidade, através de mecanismos de neuroplasticidade mal adaptativo. Diante disso, a estimulação transcraniana por corrente contínua surge como uma possível estratégia de tratamento da dor crônica em disfunção temporomandibular. O presente estudo objetivou avaliar a eficácia da estimulação transcraniana por corrente contínua anódica nos sintomas dolorosos e, por conseguinte, nos níveis de ansiedade em indivíduos com disfunção temporomandibular muscular crônica. MÉTODOS: Os participantes receberam três tipos diferentes de intervenção cuja ordem foi randomizada: anódica no córtex motor primário, na região cortical dorsolateral pré-frontal e estimulação simulada. RESULTADOS: Houve melhorias significativas para a dor clínica em todos os protocolos de estimulação, com um alívio de aproximadamente 40% (p=0,001). Não houve diferença significativa no efeito da estimulação transcraniana por corrente contínua entre os diferentes tipos de estimulação (p=0,14). Ocorreu impacto positivo sobre os sintomas de ansiedade, com diminuição significativa nos níveis de ansiedade estado (p=0,035) e traço (p=0,009). CONCLUSÃO: O uso da estimulação transcraniana por corrente contínua melhorou a condição de saúde dos portadores de disfunção temporomandibular muscular crônica, promovendo um alívio do quadro álgico, diminuição do nível de ansiedade, além de gerar qualidade de vida.

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          Most cited references53

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          Physiological basis of transcranial direct current stimulation.

          Since the rediscovery of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) about 10 years ago, interest in tDCS has grown exponentially. A noninvasive stimulation technique that induces robust excitability changes within the stimulated cortex, tDCS is increasingly being used in proof-of-principle and stage IIa clinical trials in a wide range of neurological and psychiatric disorders. Alongside these clinical studies, detailed work has been performed to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the observed effects. In this review, the authors bring together the results from these pharmacological, neurophysiological, and imaging studies to describe their current knowledge of the physiological effects of tDCS. In addition, the theoretical framework for how tDCS affects motor learning is proposed.
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            Psychological factors in chronic pain: evolution and revolution.

            Research has demonstrated the importance of psychological factors in coping, quality of life, and disability in chronic pain. Furthermore, the contributions of psychology in the effectiveness of treatment of chronic pain patients have received empirical support. The authors describe a biopsychosocial model of chronic pain and provide an update on research implicating the importance of people's appraisals of their symptoms, their ability to self-manage pain and related problems, and their fears about pain and injury that motivate efforts to avoid exacerbation of symptoms and further injury or reinjury. They provide a selected review to illustrate treatment outcome research, methodological issues, practical, and clinical issues to identify promising directions. Although there remain obstacles, there are also opportunities for psychologists to contribute to improved understanding of pain and treatment of people who suffer from chronic pain. The authors conclude by noting that pain has received a tremendous amount of attention culminating in the passage of a law by the U.S. Congress designating the period 2001-2011 as the "The Decade of Pain Control and Research."
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              The Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex in Acute and Chronic Pain.

              The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) is a functionally and structurally heterogeneous region and a key node of several brain networks, implicated in cognitive, affective, and sensory processing. As such, the DLPFC is commonly activated in experimental pain studies, and shows abnormally increased function in chronic pain populations. Furthermore, several studies have shown that some chronic pains are associated with decreased left DLPFC gray matter and that successful interventions can reverse this structural abnormality. In addition, studies have indicated that noninvasive stimulation of the left DLPFC effectively treats some chronic pains. In this article, we review the neuroimaging literature regarding the role of the DLPFC and its potential as a therapeutic target for chronic pain conditions, including studies showing the involvement of the DLPFC in encoding and modulating acute pain and studies demonstrating the reversal of DLPFC functional and structural abnormalities after successful interventions for chronic pain. We also review studies of noninvasive brain stimulation of the DLPFC showing acute pain modulation and some effectiveness as a treatment for certain chronic pain conditions. We further discuss the network architecture of the DLPFC, and postulate mechanisms by which DLPFC stimulation alleviates chronic pain. Future work testing these mechanisms will allow for more effective therapies.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                brjp
                BrJP
                BrJP
                Sociedade Brasileira para o Estudo da Dor (São Paulo, SP, Brazil )
                2595-0118
                2595-3192
                June 2019
                : 2
                : 2
                : 147-154
                Affiliations
                [1] João Pessoa orgnameUniversidade Federal da Paraíba Brazil
                Article
                S2595-31922019000200147
                10.5935/2595-0118.20190027
                14468cfd-40ed-4f40-9c24-c879df1997ad

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 30 September 2018
                : 11 March 2019
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 63, Pages: 8
                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Categories
                Original Articles

                Orofacial pain,Dor orofacial,Estimulação transcraniana por corrente contínua,Reabilitação,Rehabilitation,Transcranial stimulation by continuous current

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