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      Influence of porosity on osteogenesis, bone growth and osteointegration in trabecular tantalum scaffolds fabricated by additive manufacturing

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          Abstract

          Porous tantalum implants are a class of materials commonly used in clinical practice to repair bone defects. However, the cumbersome and problematic preparation procedure have limited their widespread application. Additive manufacturing has revolutionized the design and process of orthopedic implants, but the pore architecture feature of porous tantalum scaffolds prepared from additive materials for optimal osseointegration are unclear, particularly the influence of porosity. We prepared trabecular bone-mimicking tantalum scaffolds with three different porosities (60%, 70% and 80%) using the laser powder bed fusing technique to examine and compare the effects of adhesion, proliferation and osteogenic differentiation capacity of rat mesenchymal stem cells on the scaffolds in vitro. The in vivo bone ingrowth and osseointegration effects of each scaffold were analyzed in a rat femoral bone defect model. Three porous tantalum scaffolds were successfully prepared and characterized. In vitro studies showed that scaffolds with 70% and 80% porosity had a better ability to osteogenic proliferation and differentiation than scaffolds with 60% porosity. In vivo studies further confirmed that tantalum scaffolds with the 70% and 80% porosity had a better ability for bone ingrowh than the scaffold with 60% porosity. As for osseointegration, more bone was bound to the material in the scaffold with 70% porosity, suggesting that the 3D printed trabecular tantalum scaffold with 70% porosity could be the optimal choice for subsequent implant design, which we will further confirm in a large animal preclinical model for better clinical use.

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          Fracture healing under healthy and inflammatory conditions.

          Optimal fracture treatment requires knowledge of the complex physiological process of bone healing. The course of bone healing is mainly influenced by fracture fixation stability (biomechanics) and the blood supply to the healing site (revascularization after trauma). The repair process proceeds via a characteristic sequence of events, described as the inflammatory, repair and remodeling phases. An inflammatory reaction involving immune cells and molecular factors is activated immediately in response to tissue damage and is thought to initiate the repair cascade. Immune cells also have a major role in the repair phase, exhibiting important crosstalk with bone cells. After bony bridging of the fragments, a slow remodeling process eventually leads to the reconstitution of the original bone structure. Systemic inflammation, as observed in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes mellitus, multiple trauma or sepsis, can increase fracture healing time and the rate of complications, including non-unions. In addition, evidence suggests that insufficient biomechanical conditions within the fracture zone can influence early local inflammation and impair bone healing. In this Review, we discuss the main factors that influence fracture healing, with particular emphasis on the role of inflammation.
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            Materials design for bone-tissue engineering

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              Topological design and additive manufacturing of porous metals for bone scaffolds and orthopaedic implants: A review.

              One of the critical issues in orthopaedic regenerative medicine is the design of bone scaffolds and implants that replicate the biomechanical properties of the host bones. Porous metals have found themselves to be suitable candidates for repairing or replacing the damaged bones since their stiffness and porosity can be adjusted on demands. Another advantage of porous metals lies in their open space for the in-growth of bone tissue, hence accelerating the osseointegration process. The fabrication of porous metals has been extensively explored over decades, however only limited controls over the internal architecture can be achieved by the conventional processes. Recent advances in additive manufacturing have provided unprecedented opportunities for producing complex structures to meet the increasing demands for implants with customized mechanical performance. At the same time, topology optimization techniques have been developed to enable the internal architecture of porous metals to be designed to achieve specified mechanical properties at will. Thus implants designed via the topology optimization approach and produced by additive manufacturing are of great interest. This paper reviews the state-of-the-art of topological design and manufacturing processes of various types of porous metals, in particular for titanium alloys, biodegradable metals and shape memory alloys. This review also identifies the limitations of current techniques and addresses the directions for future investigations.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Front Bioeng Biotechnol
                Front Bioeng Biotechnol
                Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol.
                Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology
                Frontiers Media S.A.
                2296-4185
                27 January 2023
                2023
                : 11
                : 1117954
                Affiliations
                [1] 1 Department of Bone and Joint Surgery , Department of Orthopedics , Renji Hospital , Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai, China
                [2] 2 Shenzhen Dazhou Medical Technology Co., Ltd. , Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
                [3] 3 Center of Biomedical Materials 3D Printing , National Engineering Laboratory for Polymer Complex Structure Additive Manufacturing , Baoding, Hebei, China
                [4] 4 School of Mechanical and Automobile Engineering , Qingdao University of Technology , Qingdao, Shandong, China
                Author notes

                Edited by: Chunguang Yang, Institute of Metal Research (CAS), China

                Reviewed by: Vamsi Krishna Balla, Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute (CSIR), India

                Changlu Xu, University of California, Los Angeles, United States

                *Correspondence: Jingzhou Yang, yangjz@ 123456qut.edu.cn ; Xinhua Qu, xinhua_qu@ 123456126.com ; Bing Yue, advbmp2@ 123456163.com
                [ † ]

                These authors have contributed equally to this work

                This article was submitted to Biomaterials, a section of the journal Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology

                Article
                1117954
                10.3389/fbioe.2023.1117954
                9911888
                36777251
                13f7b285-eeda-4b98-abcd-1c2f7e62f068
                Copyright © 2023 Jiao, Hong, Zhang, Wang, Tang, Yang, Qu and Yue.

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

                History
                : 07 December 2022
                : 18 January 2023
                Funding
                This work was supported by the National Key Research and Development Project of China (Grant No. 2020YFC1107500 and 2020YFC1107503); National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 82225031, 32222042, 82172464, 82172453 and 81972086); Program of Shanghai Academic/Technology Research Leader (Grant No. 22XD1401900); The Shanghai Rising-Star Program (21QA1405500); Shanghai Municipal Health Commission & Shanghai “Rising Stars of Medical Talent” Youth Development Program-Outstanding Youth Medical Talents (Grant No. 20224Z0011); Clinical Scientific Innovation and Cultivation Fund of Renji Hospital, Shanghai JJ Tong University School of Medicine, (Grant no. RJPY-LX-009).
                Categories
                Bioengineering and Biotechnology
                Original Research

                additive manufacturing,bone repair,osseointegration,porosity,tantalum scaffold,trabecular

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