Genetic diversity and allele frequencies of  Plasmodium falciparum msp1  and  msp2  in parasite isolates from Bioko Island, Equatorial Guinea

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Abstract

Background

Malaria is still a serious public health problem on Bioko Island (Equatorial Guinea), although the number of annual cases has been greatly reduced since 2004 through the Bioko Island Malaria Control Project (BIMCP). A better understanding of malaria parasite population diversity and transmission dynamics is critical for assessing the effectiveness of malaria control measures. The objective of this study is to investigate the genetic diversity of Plasmodium falciparum populations and multiplicity of infection (MOI) on Bioko Island 7 years after BIMCP.

Methods

A total of 181 patients with uncomplicated P. falciparum malaria diagnosed with microscopy were collected from Bioko Island from January 2011 to December 2014. Parasite DNA was extracted using chelex-100 and species were identified using a real-time PCR followed by high-resolution melting. Plasmodium falciparum msp1 and msp2 allelic families were determined using nested PCR.

Results

Three msp1 alleles (K1, MAD20, and RO33) and two msp2 alleles (FC27 and 3D7) were analysed in all samples. In msp1, the MAD20 allelic family was predominant with 96.69% (175/178) followed respectively by the K1 allelic family with 96.07% (171/178) and R033 allelic family with 70.78% (126/178). In msp2, the FC27 allelic family was the most frequently detected with 97.69% (169/173) compared to 3D7 with 72.25% (125/173). Twenty-six different alleles were observed in msp1 with 9 alleles for K1, 9 alleles for MAD20 and 8 alleles for R033. In msp2, 25 individual alleles were detected with 5 alleles for FC27 and 20 alleles for 3D7. The overall MOI was 5.51 with respectively 3.5 and 2.01 for msp1 and msp2. A significant increase in overall MOI was correlated with the age group of the patients ( P = 0.026) or parasite densities ( P = 0.04).

Conclusions

The present data showed high genetic diversity and MOI values among the P. falciparum population in the study, reflecting both the high endemic level and malaria transmission on Bioko Island. These data provide valuable information for surveillance of P. falciparum infection and for assessing the appropriateness of the current malarial control strategies in the endemic area.

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Most cited references 30

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Extensive diversity in the allelic frequency of Plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface proteins and glutamate-rich protein in rural and urban settings of southwestern Nigeria

Roland I Funwei, Bolaji N Thomas, Catherine O. Falade … (2018)

Background Nigeria carries a high burden of malaria which makes continuous surveillance for current information on genetic diversity imperative. In this study, the merozoite surface proteins (msp-1, msp-2) and glutamate-rich protein (glurp) of Plasmodium falciparum collected from two communities representing rural and urban settings in Ibadan, southwestern Nigeria were analysed. Methods A total of 511 febrile children, aged 3–59 months, whose parents/guardians provided informed consent, were recruited into the study. Capillary blood was obtained for malaria rapid diagnostic test, thick blood smears for parasite count and blood spots on filter paper for molecular analysis. Results Three-hundred and nine samples were successfully genotyped for msp-1, msp-2 and glurp genes. The allelic distribution of the three genes was not significantly different in the rural and urban communities. R033 and 3D7 were the most prevalent alleles in both rural and urban communities for msp-1 and msp-2, respectively. Eleven of glurp RII region genotypes, coded I–XII, with sizes ranging from 500 to 1100 base pairs were detected in the rural setting. Genotype XI (1000–1050 bp) had the highest prevalence of 41.5 and 38.5% in rural and urban settings, respectively. Overall, 82.1 and 70.0% of samples had multiclonal infection with msp-1 gene resulting in a mean multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 2.8 and 2.6 for rural and urban samples, respectively. Msp-1 and msp-2 genes displayed higher levels of diversity and higher MOI rates than the glurp gene. Conclusion Significant genetic diversity was observed between rural and urban parasite populations in Ibadan, southwestern Nigeria. The results of this study show that malaria transmission intensity in these regions is still high. No significant difference was observed between rural and urban settings, except for a completely different msp-1 allele, compared to previous reports, thereby confirming the changing face of malaria transmission in these communities. This study provides important baseline information required for monitoring the impact of malaria elimination efforts in this region and data points useful in revising current protocols.

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Biased distribution of msp1 and msp2 allelic variants in Plasmodium falciparum populations in Thailand

Georges Snounou, Xinping Zhu, Napaporn Siripoon … (1999)

Plasmodium falciparum isolates were obtained from Thai patients attending a malaria clinic on the Thai-Kampuchean border over 4 cross-sectional surveys carried out at 3-monthly intervals. The genetic structure of the parasite populations was determined by nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of polymorphic regions of 3 P. falciparum antigen genes: msp1, msp2 and glurp. Although a high degree of diversity characterized these isolates, the overall population structure of the parasites associated with patent malaria infections was observed to remain relatively stable over time. The highest degree of polymorphism was observed with msp2, and the mean number of lines per infection (multiplicity of infection) calculated with this marker was higher than that obtained using msp1 or glurp alone, or combined. Infections with > or = 2 parasite lines were seen in 76% of the samples, and were proportionally more numerous at the start and end of the rainy season. Two interesting exceptions to the random distribution were observed and involved 2 allelic variants which in one case were found dissociated (msp1 MAD20-family) and in the other were associated (msp2 FC27-family). The epidemiological significance of these types of data is discussed.

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Age dependence of the multiplicity of Plasmodium falciparum infections and of other malariological indices in an area of high endemicity.

A Kitua, T Teuscher, S Mwankusye … (1999)

The relationship between age and various malariological indices in the Kilombero valley of Tanzania were examined by compiling data from 6 different community studies carried out between 1989 and 1996. The rate of acquisition of Plasmodium falciparum infection was highest in children 1-5 years of age, while recovery rates were lowest between the first birthday and early adolescence. As a result, peak prevalence was reached in 3-5 years old children. However, the prevalence of clinical malaria (estimated from the excess risk of axillary temperatures > or = 37.5 degrees C attributable to parasitaemia) was highest in children under one year of age. The peak in multiplicity of infection (identified by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism of the msp2 locus) occurred in 3-7 years old children. There was a significant correlation between parasite density and multiplicity of infection in infants and young children (1-2 years of age) but not in older individuals.

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Author and article information

Contributors

Xiang-Zhi Liu: Liu2262218@163.com

Min Lin: Konfutea@hotmail.com

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Malar J

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Malar. J

Title: Malaria Journal

Publisher: BioMed Central (London )

ISSN (Electronic): 1475-2875

Publication date (Electronic): 7 December 2018

Publication date PMC-release: 7 December 2018

Publication date Collection: 2018

Volume: 17

Electronic Location Identifier: 458

Affiliations

[1 ]GRID grid.470066.3, Laboratory Medical Center, , Huizhou Municipal Central Hospital, ; Huizhou, Guangdong Province People’s Republic of China

[2 ]The Chinese Medical Aid Team to the Republic of Equatorial Guinea, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province People’s Republic of China

[3 ]ISNI 0000 0004 1799 2448, GRID grid.443573.2, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, ; Shiyan, Hubei People’s Republic of China

[4 ]ISNI 0000 0004 1790 3396, GRID grid.411979.3, School of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, , Hanshan Normal University, ; Chaozhou, Guangdong Province People’s Republic of China

[5 ]ISNI 0000 0004 0605 3373, GRID grid.411679.c, Laboratory Medical Center, , Chaozhou People’s Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, ; Chaozhou, Guangdong Province People’s Republic of China

[6 ]Department of Medical Laboratory, Malabo Regional Hospital, Malabo, Equatorial Guinea

Article

Publisher ID: 2611

DOI: 10.1186/s12936-018-2611-z

PMC ID: 6286607

PubMed ID: 30526609

SO-VID: 1379f1e4-9c2f-4e8f-b0ce-2b10c11c83e8

License:

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

History

Date received : 26 September 2018

Date accepted : 1 December 2018

Funding

Funded by: FundRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100003453, Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province;

Award ID: 2016A03031311

Award Recipient : Jiang-Tao Chen

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ScienceOpen disciplines: Infectious disease & Microbiology

Keywords: plasmodium falciparum,bioko island,genetic diversity,multiplicity of infection (moi)

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ScienceOpen disciplines: Infectious disease & Microbiology

Keywords: plasmodium falciparum, bioko island, genetic diversity, multiplicity of infection (moi)

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Genetic diversity and allele frequencies of Plasmodium falciparum msp1 and msp2 in parasite isolates from Bioko Island, Equatorial Guinea

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Abstract

Background

Methods

Results

Conclusions

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Malaria vaccine development

Most cited references 30

Extensive diversity in the allelic frequency of Plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface proteins and glutamate-rich protein in rural and urban settings of southwestern Nigeria

Biased distribution of msp1 and msp2 allelic variants in Plasmodium falciparum populations in Thailand

Age dependence of the multiplicity of Plasmodium falciparum infections and of other malariological indices in an area of high endemicity.

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Cited by 29

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