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      Biología molecular del virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana y los recientes progresos en el tratamiento del SIDA Translated title: Molecular biology of HIV and recent progress in the treatment of AIDS

      research-article
      Revista chilena de pediatría
      Sociedad Chilena de Pediatría
      HIV, AIDS, retrovirus, RNA, virus de inmunodeficiencia humana, VIH, SIDA, retrovirus, RNA

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          Abstract

          El virus de inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH), causante del síndrome de inmunodeficiencia adquirida (SIDA), ha constituido desde su emergencia hace 2 décadas, un enorme desafío a la investigación biomédica. Utilizando una amplia gama de recursos para interferir y evadir la respuesta inmune normal, infecta las células CD4+, ingresa a ellas a través de sus receptores de superficie, y expresa una alta frecuencia de mutación lo que le permite cambiar repetidamente sus determinantes antigénicos. Los VIH tipo 1 y 2 corresponden a lentivirus, los cuales, junto a los oncornavirus y espumavirus integran la familia de retrovirus RNA humanos. En este artículo se revisan los conocimientos actuales de la biología molecular del virus, se comentan modernas técnicas de diagnóstico como la reacción de transcriptasa reversa y polimerasa en cadena, usadas actualmente para medir la replicación del virus en la sangre del huésped infectado, y se discuten las actuales líneas de tratamiento exploradas, las que básicamente se dirigen a blancos moleculares susceptibles de intervención farmacológica que no afecten la funcionalidad celular, como son la interacción virus-receptor celular, transcripción reversa del RNA viral, integración del provirus, procesamiento proteolítico del precursor gag-pol, y la regulación transcripcional virus específica por los productos tat y rev. Finalmente se comentan aspectos relacionados a la investigación en el campo de la inmunización VIH, desafío pendiente para la primera década de este nuevo siglo

          Translated abstract

          HIV, the causal agent of AIDS, has caused since its emergence 2 decades ago, an enormous challenge for biomedical investigation. Utilising a wide spectrum of mechanisms to interfere with and evade the normal immune response it infects the CD4 lymphocytes via surface receptors. By expressing a high frequency of mutation this allows the virus to repeatedly change its antigenic determinants. HIV types 1 and 2 are lentiviruses, and together with oncornaviruses and espumaviruses form the family of human RNA retroviruses. This article focuses on the current status of the viral molecular biology, the modern diagnostic techniques, such as reverse transcriptase and PCR used to measure vital replication in the infected host. We discuss the lines of treatment explored, which are directed at molecular targets susceptible to pharmalogical intervention and which does not affect celular function. Such as virus-receptor interaction, reverse transcriptase of viral RNA, proviral integration, proteolytic processing of the precursor gag-pol and viral specific transcriptional regulation for the products tat and rev. Finally we discuss aspects in the field of anti-HIV immunization, a pending challenge in the first decade of the 21st century

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          Most cited references14

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          HIV-1 Dynamics in Vivo: Virion Clearance Rate, Infected Cell Life-Span, and Viral Generation Time

          A new mathematical model was used to analyze a detailed set of human immunodeficiency virus-type 1 (HIV-1) viral load data collected from five infected individuals after the administration of a potent inhibitor of HIV-1 protease. Productively infected cells were estimated to have, on average, a life-span of 2.2 days (half-life t 1/2 = 1.6 days), and plasma virions were estimated to have a mean life-span of 0.3 days (t 1/2 = 0.24 days). The estimated average total HIV-1 production was 10.3 x 10(9) virions per day, which is substantially greater than previous minimum estimates. The results also suggest that the minimum duration of the HIV-1 life cycle in vivo is 1.2 days on average, and that the average HIV-1 generation time--defined as the time from release of a virion until it infects another cell and causes the release of a new generation of viral particles--is 2.6 days. These findings on viral dynamics provide not only a kinetic picture of HIV-1 pathogenesis, but also theoretical principles to guide the development of treatment strategies.
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            HIV population dynamics in vivo: implications for genetic variation, pathogenesis, and therapy.

            J M Coffin (1995)
            Several recent reports indicate that the long, clinically latent phase that characterizes human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection of humans is not a period of viral inactivity, but an active process in which cells are being infected and dying at a high rate and in large numbers. These results lead to a simple steady-state model in which infection, cell death, and cell replacement are in balance, and imply that the unique feature of HIV is the extraordinarily large number of replication cycles that occur during infection of a single individual. This turnover drives both the pathogenic process and (even more than mutation rate) the development of genetic variation. This variation includes the inevitable and, in principle, predictable accumulation of mutations such as those conferring resistance to antiviral drugs whose presence before therapy must be considered in the design of therapeutic strategies.
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              HIV entry and its inhibition.

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                rcp
                Revista chilena de pediatría
                Rev. chil. pediatr.
                Sociedad Chilena de Pediatría (Santiago, , Chile )
                0370-4106
                March 2000
                : 71
                : 2
                : 83-88
                Affiliations
                [01] orgnameUniversidad de Chile orgdiv1 Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad Medicina
                Article
                S0370-41062000000200002 S0370-4106(00)07100200002
                10.4067/S0370-41062000000200002
                13748de2-9a0e-4a30-a73d-0afbcc4eec1a

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 7, Pages: 6
                Product

                SciELO Chile

                Categories
                ACTUALIDADES

                RNA,HIV,retrovirus,virus de inmunodeficiencia humana,AIDS,VIH,SIDA
                RNA, HIV, retrovirus, virus de inmunodeficiencia humana, AIDS, VIH, SIDA

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