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      Effectiveness, safety and patients’ perceptions of an immersive virtual reality–based exercise system for poststroke upper limb motor rehabilitation: A proof-of-concept and feasibility randomized controlled trial

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          Abstract

          Objective

          This study aimed to examine the effectiveness, safety and patients’ perceptions of an immersive virtual reality (VR)–based exercise system for poststroke upper limb rehabilitation.

          Methods

          A proof-of-concept, 2-week randomized controlled trial was conducted. Fifty stroke patients were randomly assigned to either use the immersive VR-based exercise system to perform upper limb exercises for 2 weeks (intervention) or play commercial games (control). Effectiveness, safety and patients’ perceptions of the exercise system were assessed at baseline and at 1- and 2-week follow-ups.

          Results

          Intention-to-treat analysis revealed that after 2 weeks, statistically significant improvements in shoulder flexion active range of motion (AROM), shoulder abduction AROM, perceived upper limb motor function and quality of life (QoL) were observed in one or both groups, but not between the groups. Per-protocol analysis showed that after 2 weeks: (i) statistically significant improvement in shoulder abduction AROM was obtained in the intervention group, and the difference in the mean changes between the groups was statistically significant; (ii) statistically significant improvements in coordination/speed (Fugl–Meyer Assessment for Upper Extremity), shoulder flexion AROM, perceived upper limb motor function and QoL were obtained in one or both groups, but not between the groups.

          Conclusions

          The immersive VR-based exercise system is a potentially effective, safe and acceptable approach for supporting poststroke motor rehabilitation. These findings can serve as a basis for larger-scale studies on the application of VR for poststroke exercises.

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          Most cited references73

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            User Acceptance of Computer Technology: A Comparison of Two Theoretical Models

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              Consumer Acceptance and Use of Information Technology: Extending the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology

              Venkatesh, Thong, Xu (2012)
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Digit Health
                Digit Health
                DHJ
                spdhj
                Digital Health
                SAGE Publications (Sage UK: London, England )
                2055-2076
                26 September 2023
                Jan-Dec 2023
                : 9
                : 20552076231203599
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Industrial and Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Ringgold 25809, universityThe University of Hong Kong; , Hong Kong, China
                [2 ]Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Ringgold 615333, universityDingzhou People's Hospital; , Dingzhou, China
                [3 ]Department of Physiotherapy, The University of Hong Kong–Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
                Author notes
                [*]Calvin Kalun Or, The University of Hong Kong, Room 8-7, 8/F, Haking Wong Building, Hong Kong, China. Email: klor@ 123456hku.hk
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9819-8865
                Article
                10.1177_20552076231203599
                10.1177/20552076231203599
                10521311
                37766909
                132cd6da-b6be-44bd-8c43-181077cc124b
                © The Author(s) 2023

                This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits non-commercial use, reproduction and distribution of the work without further permission provided the original work is attributed as specified on the SAGE and Open Access page ( https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/open-access-at-sage).

                History
                : 3 April 2023
                : 7 September 2023
                Funding
                Funded by: Seed Funding for Basic Research, The University of Hong Kong;
                Award ID: 201811159012
                Categories
                Original Research
                Custom metadata
                ts19
                January-December 2023

                immersive virtual reality,stroke,upper limb motor exercises,rehabilitation

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