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      Mucormicosis cutánea en un paciente inmunocomprometido Translated title: Cutaneous mucormycosis in an immunocompromised patient

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          Abstract

          La mucormicosis es una enfermedad emergente grave, producida por hongos saprófitos del orden Mucorales, que afecta fundamentalmente a pacientes inmunocom-prometidos. La forma cutánea se origina por inoculación de esporas dentro de la dermis con el subsecuente desarrollo de una lesión tipo ectima, generalmente única y de evolución rápidamente progresiva, por las características angioinvasoras del hongo, que determina amplias zonas de infartos y necrosis en los tejidos. Presentamos el caso de un paciente con cuatro años de edad, con diagnóstico de leucemia linfoblástica aguda, en quimioterapia de inducción, que cursó con neutropenia profunda y prolongada, presentando una lesión cutánea en el codo compatible con ectima gangrenoso. Recibió tratamiento antimicrobiano y antifúngico, asociado a un aseo quirúrgico. El cultivo para hongos demostró crecimiento de Rhizopus microsporus var oligosporus, y la histología concluyó presencia de hifas no septadas. El estudio de extensión descartó compromiso óseo, sinusal y cerebral. Completó 40 días de terapia antifúngica con anfotericina B deoxicolato, evolucionando satisfactoriamente. Posteriormente requirió injerto dermo-epidérmico. Si bien esta patología es infrecuente, debemos sospecharla en pacientes con neoplasias hematológicas, para establecer un diagnóstico etiológico oportuno, ya que el tratamiento contempla el desbridamiento quirúrgico precoz asociado a antifúngicos sistémicos, siendo de elección anfotericina B.

          Translated abstract

          Mucormycosis is an increasingly emerging life-threatening infection and is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with leukemia. We present the case of a 4-year-old boy with an acute lymphoblastic leukemia complicated by severe and prolonged neutropenia during induction chemotherapy, who developed cutaneous mucormycosis of the elbow. Direct microscopy with KOH and the histopathologic observation of the skin revealed fungal hyphae without septations. The cultures were positive for Rhizopus microsporus var oligosporus. The patient was treated succefully with amphotericin B during 40 days, surgical debridement and dermoepidermic graft. Early recognition and prompt intervention with combined medical and surgical treatment may improve the outcome. The most common management strategy in survivors involves a combination of antifungal therapy with amphotericin B and surgical debridement.

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          Most cited references63

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          Epidemiology and outcome of zygomycosis: a review of 929 reported cases.

          Zygomycosis is an increasingly emerging life-threatening infection. There is no single comprehensive literature review that describes the epidemiology and outcome of this disease. We reviewed reports of zygomycosis in the English-language literature since 1885 and analyzed 929 eligible cases. We included in the database only those cases for which the underlying condition, the pattern of infection, the surgical and antifungal treatments, and survival were described. The mean age of patients was 38.8 years; 65% were male. The prevalence and overall mortality were 36% and 44%, respectively, for diabetes; 19% and 35%, respectively, for no underlying condition; and 17% and 66%, respectively, for malignancy. The most common types of infection were sinus (39%), pulmonary (24%), and cutaneous (19%). Dissemination developed in 23% of cases. Mortality varied with the site of infection: 96% of patients with disseminated disease died, 85% with gastrointestinal infection died, and 76% with pulmonary infection died. The majority of patients with malignancy (92 [60%] of 154) had pulmonary disease, whereas the majority of patients with diabetes (222 [66%] of 337) had sinus disease. Rhinocerebral disease was seen more frequently in patients with diabetes (145 [33%] of 337), compared with patients with malignancy (6 [4%] of 154). Hematogenous dissemination to skin was rare; however, 78 (44%) of 176 cutaneous infections were complicated by deep extension or dissemination. Survival was 3% (8 of 241 patients) for cases that were not treated, 61% (324 of 532) for cases treated with amphotericin B deoxycholate, 57% (51 of 90) for cases treated with surgery alone, and 70% (328 of 470) for cases treated with antifungal therapy and surgery. By multivariate analysis, infection due to Cunninghamella species and disseminated disease were independently associated with increased rates of death (odds ratios, 2.78 and 11.2, respectively). Outcome from zygomycosis varies as a function of the underlying condition, site of infection, and use of antifungal therapy.
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            Prospective surveillance for invasive fungal infections in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients, 2001-2006: overview of the Transplant-Associated Infection Surveillance Network (TRANSNET) Database.

            The incidence and epidemiology of invasive fungal infections (IFIs), a leading cause of death among hematopoeitic stem cell transplant (HSCT) recipients, are derived mainly from single-institution retrospective studies. The Transplant Associated Infections Surveillance Network, a network of 23 US transplant centers, prospectively enrolled HSCT recipients with proven and probable IFIs occurring between March 2001 and March 2006. We collected denominator data on all HSCTs preformed at each site and clinical, diagnostic, and outcome information for each IFI case. To estimate trends in IFI, we calculated the 12-month cumulative incidence among 9 sequential subcohorts. We identified 983 IFIs among 875 HSCT recipients. The median age of the patients was 49 years; 60% were male. Invasive aspergillosis (43%), invasive candidiasis (28%), and zygomycosis (8%) were the most common IFIs. Fifty-nine percent and 61% of IFIs were recognized within 60 days of neutropenia and graft-versus-host disease, respectively. Median onset of candidiasis and aspergillosis after HSCT was 61 days and 99 days, respectively. Within a cohort of 16,200 HSCT recipients who received their first transplants between March 2001 and September 2005 and were followed up through March 2006, we identified 718 IFIs in 639 persons. Twelve-month cumulative incidences, based on the first IFI, were 7.7 cases per 100 transplants for matched unrelated allogeneic, 8.1 cases per 100 transplants for mismatched-related allogeneic, 5.8 cases per 100 transplants for matched-related allogeneic, and 1.2 cases per 100 transplants for autologous HSCT. In this national prospective surveillance study of IFIs in HSCT recipients, the cumulative incidence was highest for aspergillosis, followed by candidiasis. Understanding the epidemiologic trends and burden of IFIs may lead to improved management strategies and study design.
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              Novel perspectives on mucormycosis: pathophysiology, presentation, and management.

              Mucormycosis is a life-threatening fungal infection that occurs in immunocompromised patients. These infections are becoming increasingly common, yet survival remains very poor. A greater understanding of the pathogenesis of the disease may lead to future therapies. For example, it is now clear that iron metabolism plays a central role in regulating mucormycosis infections and that deferoxamine predisposes patients to mucormycosis by inappropriately supplying the fungus with iron. These findings raise the possibility that iron chelator therapy may be useful to treat the infection as long as the chelator does not inappropriately supply the fungus with iron. Recent data support the concept that high-dose liposomal amphotericin is the preferred monotherapy for mucormycosis. However, several novel therapeutic strategies are available. These options include combination therapy using lipid-based amphotericin with an echinocandin or with an azole (largely itraconazole or posaconazole) or with all three. The underlying principles of therapy for this disease remain rapid diagnosis, reversal of underlying predisposition, and urgent surgical debridement.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                rci
                Revista chilena de infectología
                Rev. chil. infectol.
                Sociedad Chilena de Infectología (Santiago, , Chile )
                0716-1018
                February 2012
                : 29
                : 1
                : 101-107
                Affiliations
                [02] Valdivia orgnameUniversidad Austral de Chile orgdiv1Facultad de Medicina orgdiv2Instituto de Microbiología Clínica Chile
                [01] Valdivia orgnameUniversidad Austral de Chile orgdiv1Facultad de Medicina orgdiv2Instituto de Pediatría Chile
                Article
                S0716-10182012000100017 S0716-1018(12)02900117
                10.4067/S0716-10182012000100017
                12a5c870-94f6-4cb1-942a-84c738402e4d

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 18 October 2011
                : 19 October 2010
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 38, Pages: 7
                Product

                SciELO Chile

                Categories
                CASOS CLINICOS

                mucormicosis cutánea,Mucormycosis,cutaneous mucormycosis,fungal infections,immunocompromise,Rhizopus,Mucormicosis,infecciones fúngicas,inmunocompromiso

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