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      Selected In-Season Nutritional Strategies to Enhance Recovery for Team Sport Athletes: A Practical Overview

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          Abstract

          Team sport athletes face a variety of nutritional challenges related to recovery during the competitive season. The purpose of this article is to review nutrition strategies related to muscle regeneration, glycogen restoration, fatigue, physical and immune health, and preparation for subsequent training bouts and competitions. Given the limited opportunities to recover between training bouts and games throughout the competitive season, athletes must be deliberate in their recovery strategy. Foundational components of recovery related to protein, carbohydrates, and fluid have been extensively reviewed and accepted. Micronutrients and supplements that may be efficacious for promoting recovery include vitamin D, omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, creatine, collagen/vitamin C, and antioxidants. Curcumin and bromelain may also provide a recovery benefit during the competitive season but future research is warranted prior to incorporating supplemental dosages into the athlete’s diet. Air travel poses nutritional challenges related to nutrient timing and quality. Incorporating strategies to consume efficacious micronutrients and ingredients is necessary to support athlete recovery in season.

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          Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis as a mechanism of action for aspirin-like drugs.

          J R Vane (1971)
          Article 0 comments Cited 653 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Monitoring Training Load to Understand Fatigue in Athletes

            Shona L. Halson (2014)
            Many athletes, coaches, and support staff are taking an increasingly scientific approach to both designing and monitoring training programs. Appropriate load monitoring can aid in determining whether an athlete is adapting to a training program and in minimizing the risk of developing non-functional overreaching, illness, and/or injury. In order to gain an understanding of the training load and its effect on the athlete, a number of potential markers are available for use. However, very few of these markers have strong scientific evidence supporting their use, and there is yet to be a single, definitive marker described in the literature. Research has investigated a number of external load quantifying and monitoring tools, such as power output measuring devices, time-motion analysis, as well as internal load unit measures, including perception of effort, heart rate, blood lactate, and training impulse. Dissociation between external and internal load units may reveal the state of fatigue of an athlete. Other monitoring tools used by high-performance programs include heart rate recovery, neuromuscular function, biochemical/hormonal/immunological assessments, questionnaires and diaries, psychomotor speed, and sleep quality and quantity. The monitoring approach taken with athletes may depend on whether the athlete is engaging in individual or team sport activity; however, the importance of individualization of load monitoring cannot be over emphasized. Detecting meaningful changes with scientific and statistical approaches can provide confidence and certainty when implementing change. Appropriate monitoring of training load can provide important information to athletes and coaches; however, monitoring systems should be intuitive, provide efficient data analysis and interpretation, and enable efficient reporting of simple, yet scientifically valid, feedback.
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              Prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of the overtraining syndrome: joint consensus statement of the European College of Sport Science and the American College of Sports Medicine.

              Romain Meeusen, Martine Duclos, Carl Foster … (2013)
              Successful training not only must involve overload but also must avoid the combination of excessive overload plus inadequate recovery. Athletes can experience short-term performance decrement without severe psychological or lasting other negative symptoms. This functional overreaching will eventually lead to an improvement in performance after recovery. When athletes do not sufficiently respect the balance between training and recovery, nonfunctional overreaching (NFOR) can occur. The distinction between NFOR and overtraining syndrome (OTS) is very difficult and will depend on the clinical outcome and exclusion diagnosis. The athlete will often show the same clinical, hormonal, and other signs and symptoms. A keyword in the recognition of OTS might be "prolonged maladaptation" not only of the athlete but also of several biological, neurochemical, and hormonal regulation mechanisms. It is generally thought that symptoms of OTS, such as fatigue, performance decline, and mood disturbances, are more severe than those of NFOR. However, there is no scientific evidence to either confirm or refute this suggestion. One approach to understanding the etiology of OTS involves the exclusion of organic diseases or infections and factors such as dietary caloric restriction (negative energy balance) and insufficient carbohydrate and/or protein intake, iron deficiency, magnesium deficiency, allergies, and others together with identification of initiating events or triggers. In this article, we provide the recent status of possible markers for the detection of OTS. Currently, several markers (hormones, performance tests, psychological tests, and biochemical and immune markers) are used, but none of them meet all the criteria to make their use generally accepted.
              Article 0 comments Cited 324 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Lisa E. Heaton: 847-304-2529 , lisa.heaton1@pepsico.com
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Sports Med
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Sports Med
                Title: Sports Medicine (Auckland, N.z.)
                Publisher: Springer International Publishing (Cham )
                ISSN (Print): 0112-1642
                ISSN (Electronic): 1179-2035
                Publication date (Electronic): 12 July 2017
                Publication date PMC-release: 12 July 2017
                Publication date (Print): 2017
                Volume: 47
                Issue: 11
                Pages: 2201-2218
                Affiliations
                [1 ]ISNI 0000 0004 0584 304X, GRID grid.418112.f, Gatorade Sports Science Institute, ; 617 West Main St., Barrington, IL 60010 USA
                [2 ]ISNI 0000 0000 8799 2268, GRID grid.421279.b, Department of Health, Nutrition, and Exercise Science, , Messiah College, ; Mechanicsburg, PA 17055 USA
                [3 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2248 4331, GRID grid.11918.30, Physiology, Exercise and Nutrition Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, , University of Stirling, ; Stirling, UK
                [4 ]ISNI 0000 0004 1936 9684, GRID grid.27860.3b, Functional Molecular Biology Lab, Department of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior, , University of California Davis, ; Davis, CA 95616 USA
                Article
                Publisher ID: 759
                DOI: 10.1007/s40279-017-0759-2
                PMC ID: 5633631
                PubMed ID: 28702900
                SO-VID: 127974f5-c690-41b9-99d1-83f6335cd052
                Copyright © © The Author(s) 2017
                License:

                Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.

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                issue-copyright-statement © Springer International Publishing AG 2017

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