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      A worldwide nomenclature revision of sequestrate Russula species

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          Abstract

          Before the application of molecular techniques, evolutionary relationships between sequestrate genera and their epigeous counterparts in the Russulaceae were unclear. Based on overwhelming evidence now available, personal observations, and consideration of the International Code for Nomenclature of Algae, Fungi and Plants, we combine the overlapping sequestrate generic names Bucholtzia, Cystangium, Elasmomyces, Gymnomyces, Macowanites, and Martellia with the agaricoid genus Russula. This nomenclatural action follows precedents set by earlier mycologists and continues an effort to create clarity in our understanding of the evolutionary affiliations among sequestrate fungi - particularly the Russulaceae. We also provide the first comprehensive list of described sequestrate species of Russula.

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          Evolution of gilled mushrooms and puffballs inferred from ribosomal DNA sequences.

          William E. Pine, Gerrit G. Langer, Jill Langer … (1997)
          Homobasidiomycete fungi display many complex fruiting body morphologies, including mushrooms and puffballs, but their anatomical simplicity has confounded efforts to understand the evolution of these forms. We performed a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of homobasidiomycetes, using sequences from nuclear and mitochondrial ribosomal DNA, with an emphasis on understanding evolutionary relationships of gilled mushrooms and puffballs. Parsimony-based optimization of character states on our phylogenetic trees suggested that strikingly similar gilled mushrooms evolved at least six times, from morphologically diverse precursors. Approximately 87% of gilled mushrooms are in a single lineage, which we call the "euagarics." Recently discovered 90 million-year-old fossil mushrooms are probably euagarics, suggesting that (i) the origin of this clade must have occurred no later than the mid-Cretaceous and (ii) the gilled mushroom morphology has been maintained in certain lineages for tens of millions of years. Puffballs and other forms with enclosed spore-bearing structures (Gasteromycetes) evolved at least four times. Derivation of Gasteromycetes from forms with exposed spore-bearing structures (Hymenomycetes) is correlated with repeated loss of forcible spore discharge (ballistospory). Diverse fruiting body forms and spore dispersal mechanisms have evolved among Gasteromycetes. Nevertheless, it appears that Hymenomycetes have never been secondarily derived from Gasteromycetes, which suggests that the loss of ballistospory has constrained evolution in these lineages.
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            Fungal systematics: is a new age of enlightenment at hand?

            David S. Hibbett, Kenneth Taylor (2013)
            Fungal taxonomists pursue a seemingly impossible quest: to discover and give names to all of the world's mushrooms, moulds and yeasts. Taxonomists have a reputation for being traditionalists, but as we outline here, the community has recently embraced the modernization of its nomenclatural rules by discarding the requirement for Latin descriptions, endorsing electronic publication and ending the dual system of nomenclature, which used different names for the sexual and asexual phases of pleomorphic species. The next, and more difficult, step will be to develop community standards for sequence-based classification.
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              Phylogenetic overview of the Boletineae.

              Mitchell Nuhn, Manfred Binder, Andy F S Taylor … (2013)
              The generic and sub-generic relationships in the Boletineae (Boletales) were studied using nuclear large subunit (nuc-lsu), translation elongation factor 1-alpha (tef1), and DNA directed RNA polymerase largest subunit (RPB1). The Boletineae, with the exclusion of Hydnomerulius pinastri, was strongly supported and the status of the families Boletaceae and Paxillaceae is discussed. Members of the genus Boletus are found throughout the phylogeny, with the majority not closely related to the type species, Boletus edulis. Many of the traditional, morphologically defined genera are not supported as monophyletic and additional sampling and taxonomic revisions are needed. The majority of the Boletineae are confirmed or putatively ectomycorrhizal (ECM), but two putatively mycoparasitic lineages (one lineage of Buchwaldoboletus lignicola and Chalciporus piperatus and the second Pseudoboletus parasiticus) are strongly supported.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Fungal Syst Evol
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Fungal Syst Evol
                Journal ID (publisher-id): FUSE
                Title: Fungal Systematics and Evolution
                Publisher: Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute
                ISSN (Print): 2589-3823
                ISSN (Electronic): 2589-3831
                Publication date (Electronic): 4 May 2018
                Publication date (Print): June 2018
                Volume: 1
                Pages: 229-242
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Ecosystem Management, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
                [2 ]Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331-5752, USA
                [3 ]U.S. Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Forestry Sciences Laboratory, 3200 Jefferson Way, Corvallis, Oregon 97331-8550, USA
                Author notes
                *Corresponding author: toddfelliott@gmail.com
                Article
                DOI: 10.3114/fuse.2018.01.10
                PMC ID: 7259235
                PubMed ID: 32490368
                SO-VID: 11d1b7d3-593b-495e-8aaa-5fd508b95504
                Copyright © © 2018 Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute
                License:

                Fungal Systematics and Evolution is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License

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                Subject: Article

                Keywords: bucholtzia,cystangium,elasmomyces,gymnomyces,macowanites,martellia,57 new combinations,34 new names,russulaceae
                Data availability:
                Keywords: bucholtzia, cystangium, elasmomyces, gymnomyces, macowanites, martellia, 57 new combinations, 34 new names, russulaceae

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