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      Mortality measures from sample-based surveillance: evidence of the epidemiological transition in Viet Nam Translated title: Évaluations de la mortalité à partir de la surveillance basée sur l'échantillonnage: les preuves de la transition épidémiologique au Viet Nam Translated title: Mortalidad medida por la vigilancia basada en muestras: pruebas de la transición epidemiológica en Viet Nam

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          Abstract

          OBJECTIVE: To report methods and results from a national sample mortality surveillance programme implemented in Viet Nam in 2009. METHODS: A national sample of 192 communes located in 16 provinces and covering a population of approximately 2.6 million was selected using multi-stage cluster sampling. Deaths for 2009 were identified from several local data sources. Record reconciliation and capture-recapture methods were used to compile data and assess completeness of the records. Life tables were computed using reported and adjusted age-specific death rates. Each death was followed up by verbal autopsy to ascertain the probable cause(s) of death. Underlying causes were certified and coded according to international guidelines. FINDINGS: A total of 9921 deaths were identified in the sample population. Completeness of death records was estimated to be 81%. Adjusted life expectancies at birth were 70.4 and 78.7 years for males and females, respectively. Stroke was the leading cause of death in both sexes. Other prominent causes were road traffic accidents, cancers and HIV infection in males, and cardiovascular conditions, pneumonia and diabetes in females. CONCLUSION: Viet Nam is undergoing the epidemiological transition. Although data are relatively complete, they could be further improved through strengthened local collaboration. Medical certification for deaths in hospitals, and shorter recall periods for verbal autopsy interviews would improve cause of death ascertainment.

          Translated abstract

          OBJECTIF: Rapporter les méthodes et les résultats d'un programme national de surveillance de la mortalité basée sur l'échantillonnage, mis en place au Viet Nam en 2009. MÉTHODES: Un échantillon national de 192 communes situées dans 16 provinces et couvrant une population d'environ 2,6 millions de personnes a été sélectionné par échantillonnage en grappes à plusieurs degrés. Pour l'année 2009, les décès ont été identifiés sur la base de plusieurs sources d'informations locales. Le recoupement des dossiers ainsi que des méthodes de capture-recapture ont été utilisés pour compiler les informations et évaluer l'exhaustivité des dossiers. Les tables de mortalité ont été calculées en utilisant les taux de mortalité présentés et ajustés par âge. Chaque décès a été suivi d'une autopsie orale pour déterminer la ou les causes probables de la mort. Les causes sous-jacentes ont été certifiées et codées selon les normes internationales. RÉSULTATS: Un nombre total de 9921 décès a été identifié dans la population de l'échantillon. L'exhaustivité des dossiers de décès a été estimée à 81%. Les espérances de vie à la naissance étaient, après ajustement, de respectivement 70,4 et 78,7 ans pour les hommes et les femmes. L'accident vasculaire cérébral représentait la principale cause de décès pour les deux sexes. D'autres causes importantes comprenaient les accidents de la route, les cancers et l'infection par le VIH chez les hommes, et les maladies cardiovasculaires, la pneumonie et le diabète chez les femmes. CONCLUSION: Le Viet Nam est en pleine transition épidémiologique. Bien que les données soient relativement complètes, elles pourraient être encore améliorées par une collaboration locale renforcée. Une certification médicale des décès dans les hôpitaux ainsi que des délais de rappel plus courts pour les entretiens d'autopsie orale permettraient d'améliorer la constatation de la cause de la mort.

          Translated abstract

          OBJECTIVO: Informar de métodos y resultados de un programa nacional de vigilancia de la mortalidad mediante muestras realizado en Viet Nam en 2009. MÉTODOS: Se seleccionó una muestra nacional de 192 municipios localizados en 16 provincias y que abarcan una población de aproximadamente 2,6 millones mediante muestreo por conglomerados multietápico. Las muertes de 2009 se identificaron por varias fuentes de datos locales. Se emplearon métodos de captura-recaptura y reconciliación de registros para recopilar datos y evaluar la integridad de los registros. Se computaron las tablas de mortalidad mediante tasas de mortalidad por edad registradas y ajustadas. Cada muerte iba acompañada de una autopsia verbal para establecer la(s) probable(s) causa(s) de la muerte. Las causas subyacentes se certificaron y codificaron según las directrices internacionales. RESULTADOS: Se identificó un total de 9921 muertes en la población del muestreo. Se calculó que la integridad de los registros de mortalidad fue del 81%. La esperanza de vida ajustada al nacer fue de 70,4 y 78,7 años para hombres y mujeres, respectivamente. Los accidentes cerebrovasculares fueron la principal causa en ambos sexos. Otras causas destacadas fueron los accidentes de tránsito, el cáncer y la infección por el VIH en hombres, y las enfermedades cardiovasculares, la neumonía y la diabetes en las mujeres. CONCLUSIÓN: Viet Nam está experimentando una transición epidemiológica. Aunque los datos son relativamente completos, podrían mejorarse considerablemente mediante una mayor colaboración local. Los certificados médicos de las defunciones en los hospitales y periodos recordatorios más breves para las entrevistas de las autopsias verbales mejorarían la causa de la comprobación de las muertes.

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          International statistical classification of diseases and related health problems. Tenth revision.

          G Brämer (1988)
          The International Classification of Diseases has, under various names, been for many decades the essential tool for national and international comparability in public health. This statistical tool has been customarily revised every 10 years in order to keep up with the advances of medicine. At first intended primarily for the classification of causes of death, its scope has been progressively widening to include coding and tabulation of causes of morbidity as well as medical record indexing and retrieval. The ability to exchange comparable data from region to region and from country to country, to allow comparison from one population to another and to permit study of diseases over long periods, is one of the strengths of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases, Injuries, and Causes of Death (ICD). WHO has been responsible for the organization, coordination and execution of activities related to ICD since 1948 (Sixth Revision of the ICD) and is now proceeding with the Tenth Revision. For the first time in its history the ICD will be based on an alphanumeric coding scheme and will have to function as a core classification from which a series of modules can be derived, each reaching a different degree of specificity and adapted to a particular specialty or type of user. It is proposed that the chapters on external causes of injury and poisoning, and factors influencing health status and contact with health services, which were supplementary classifications in ICD-9, should form an integral part of ICD-10. The title of ICD has been amended to "International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems"', but the abbreviation "ICD" will be retained.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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            Algorithms for enhancing public health utility of national causes-of-death data

            Background Coverage and quality of cause-of-death (CoD) data varies across countries and time. Valid, reliable, and comparable assessments of trends in causes of death from even the best systems are limited by three problems: a) changes in the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD) over time; b) the use of tabulation lists where substantial detail on causes of death is lost; and c) many deaths assigned to causes that cannot or should not be considered underlying causes of death, often called garbage codes (GCs). The Global Burden of Disease Study and the World Health Organization have developed various methods to enhance comparability of CoD data. In this study, we attempt to build on these approaches to enhance the utility of national cause-of-death data for public health analysis. Methods Based on careful consideration of 4,434 country-years of CoD data from 145 countries from 1901 to 2008, encompassing 743 million deaths in ICD versions 1 to 10 as well as country-specific cause lists, we have developed a public health-oriented cause-of-death list. These 56 causes are organized hierarchically and encompass all deaths. Each cause has been mapped from ICD-6 to ICD-10 and, where possible, they have also been mapped to the International List of Causes of Death 1-5. We developed a typology of different classes of GCs. In each ICD revision, GCs have been identified. Target causes to which these GCs should be redistributed have been identified based on certification practice and/or pathophysiology. Proportionate redistribution, statistical models, and expert algorithms have been developed to redistribute GCs to target codes for each age-sex group. Results The fraction of all deaths assigned to GCs varies tremendously across countries and revisions of the ICD. In general, across all country-years of data available, GCs have declined from more than 43% in ICD-7 to 24% in ICD-10. In some regions, such as Australasia, GCs in 2005 are as low as 11%, while in some developing countries, such as Thailand, they are greater than 50%. Across different age groups, the composition of GCs varies tremendously - three classes of GCs steadily increase with age, but ambiguous codes within a particular disease chapter are also common for injuries at younger ages. The impact of redistribution is to change the number of deaths assigned to particular causes for a given age-sex group. These changes alter ranks across countries for any given year by a number of different causes, change time trends, and alter the rank order of causes within a country. Conclusions By mapping CoD through different ICD versions and redistributing GCs, we believe the public health utility of CoD data can be substantially enhanced, leading to an increased demand for higher quality CoD data from health sector decision-makers.
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              Civil registration systems and vital statistics: successes and missed opportunities.

              Vital statistics generated through civil registration systems are the major source of continuous monitoring of births and deaths over time. The usefulness of vital statistics depends on their quality. In the second paper in this Series we propose a comprehensive and practical framework for assessment of the quality of vital statistics. With use of routine reports to the UN and cause-of-death data reported to WHO, we review the present situation and past trends of vital statistics in the world and note little improvement in worldwide availability of general vital statistics or cause-of-death statistics. Only a few developing countries have been able to improve their civil registration and vital statistics systems in the past 50 years. International efforts to improve comparability of vital statistics seem to be effective, and there is reasonable progress in collection and publication of data. However, worldwide efforts to improve data have been limited to sporadic and short-term measures. We conclude that countries and developmental partners have not recognised that civil registration systems are a priority.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                bwho
                Bulletin of the World Health Organization
                Bull World Health Organ
                World Health Organization (Genebra )
                0042-9686
                October 2012
                : 90
                : 10
                : 764-772
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Hanoi Medical University Vietnam
                [2 ] University of Queensland Australia
                [3 ] University of South Australia Australia
                Article
                S0042-96862012001000011
                10.2471/BLT.11.100750
                3471050
                23109744
                11c4214d-21c3-4e6a-9667-f3dfd90f36c6

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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                SciELO Public Health

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielosp.org/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0042-9686&lng=en
                Categories
                Health Policy & Services

                Public health
                Public health

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