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      A randomised crossover trial of nitrate and breakfast on prefrontal cognitive and haemodynamic response functions

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          Abstract

          It remains unknown whether dietary nitrate and breakfast may enhance working memory (WM) performance by augmenting physiological mechanisms and subjective psychological well-being. We performed a 3-arm randomised within-subject crossover study, with pretest-posttest comparisons, to test whether nitrate consumption via breakfast with a beetroot juice shot or regular breakfast compared to no breakfast improved WM (measured with n-back tests) and cognitive task-related changes in prefrontal cortical haemodynamic response (oxygenated- and deoxygenated-haemoglobin derived from functional near-infrared spectroscopy). In addition, effects on peripheral vascular function and self-reported psychological factors were assessed. In 60 adolescents (13–15 years old; 66% girls), WM improved in all conditions, with no intervention effects. Intervention effects were seen for oxygenated-haemoglobin changes, such that it increased after the breakfast with a nitrate shot during the WM tests and decreased after the regular breakfast. Thus, different neurophysiological mechanisms may be at play to preserve WM in adolescents depending on their breakfast composition. The trial was registered in the ISRCTN registry (ISRCTN16596056) on 21/02/2022.

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          Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales.

          In recent studies of the structure of affect, positive and negative affect have consistently emerged as two dominant and relatively independent dimensions. A number of mood scales have been created to measure these factors; however, many existing measures are inadequate, showing low reliability or poor convergent or discriminant validity. To fill the need for reliable and valid Positive Affect and Negative Affect scales that are also brief and easy to administer, we developed two 10-item mood scales that comprise the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS). The scales are shown to be highly internally consistent, largely uncorrelated, and stable at appropriate levels over a 2-month time period. Normative data and factorial and external evidence of convergent and discriminant validity for the scales are also presented.
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            Calibration of two objective measures of physical activity for children.

            A calibration study was conducted to determine the threshold counts for two commonly used accelerometers, the ActiGraph and the Actical, to classify activities by intensity in children 5 to 8 years of age. Thirty-three children wore both accelerometers and a COSMED portable metabolic system during 15 min of rest and then performed up to nine different activities for 7 min each, on two separate days in the laboratory. Oxygen consumption was measured on a breath-by-breath basis, and accelerometer data were collected in 15-s epochs. Using receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) analysis, cutpoints that maximised both sensitivity and specificity were determined for sedentary, moderate and vigorous activities. For both accelerometers, discrimination of sedentary behaviour was almost perfect, with the area under the ROC curve at or exceeding 0.98. For both the ActiGraph and Actical, the discrimination of moderate (0.85 and 0.86, respectively) and vigorous activity (0.83 and 0.86, respectively) was acceptable, but not as precise as for sedentary behaviour. This calibration study, using indirect calorimetry, suggests that the two accelerometers can be used to distinguish differing levels of physical activity intensity as well as inactivity among children 5 to 8 years of age.
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              Stereotaxic Display of Brain Lesions

              Traditionally lesion location has been reported using standard templates, text based descriptions or representative raw slices from the patient's CT or MRI scan. Each of these methods has drawbacks for the display of neuroanatomical data. One solution is to display MRI scans in the same stereotaxic space popular with researchers working in functional neuroimaging. Presenting brains in this format is useful as the slices correspond to the standard anatomical atlases used by neuroimagers. In addition, lesion position and volume are directly comparable across patients. This article describes freely available software for presenting stereotaxically aligned patient scans. This article focuses on MRI scans, but many of these tools are also applicable to other modalities (e.g. CT, PET and SPECT). We suggest that this technique of presenting lesions in terms of images normalized to standard stereotaxic space should become the standard for neuropsychological studies.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                emerald.heiland@gih.se
                Journal
                NPJ Sci Food
                NPJ Sci Food
                NPJ Science of Food
                Nature Publishing Group UK (London )
                2396-8370
                13 September 2024
                13 September 2024
                2024
                : 8
                : 64
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Physical Activity and Health, The Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences (GIH), ( https://ror.org/046hach49) Stockholm, Sweden
                [2 ]Department of Surgical Sciences, Medical Epidemiology, Uppsala University, ( https://ror.org/048a87296) Uppsala, Sweden
                [3 ]Division of Physiotherapy, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, ( https://ror.org/056d84691) Huddinge, Sweden
                [4 ]Division of Nursing, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, ( https://ror.org/056d84691) Huddinge, Sweden
                [5 ]Department of Physiology, Nutrition and Biomechanics, The Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences (GIH), ( https://ror.org/046hach49) Stockholm, Sweden
                [6 ]Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institutet, ( https://ror.org/056d84691) Solna, Sweden
                [7 ]Division of Insurance Medicine, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, ( https://ror.org/056d84691) Solna, Sweden
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7175-0093
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6170-8251
                Article
                308
                10.1038/s41538-024-00308-4
                11399140
                39271707
                1191b87a-1634-4ddb-a898-ee6ac1bb2502
                © The Author(s) 2024

                Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

                History
                : 29 September 2023
                : 4 September 2024
                Funding
                Funded by: FundRef https://doi.org/10.13039/501100003170, Stiftelsen för Kunskaps- och Kompetensutveckling (Foundation for Knowledge and Development);
                Award ID: 20180040
                Award Recipient :
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                © Springer Nature Limited 2024

                neurophysiology,infrared spectroscopy
                neurophysiology, infrared spectroscopy

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