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      Clinical Trials in a Dish: A Perspective on the Coming Revolution in Drug Development

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          Abstract

          The pharmaceutical industry is facing unprecedented challenges as the cost of developing new drugs has reached unsustainable levels, fueled in large parts by a high attrition rate in clinical development. Strategies to bridge studies between preclinical testing and clinical trials are needed to reduce the knowledge gap and allow earlier decisions to be made on the continuation or discontinuation of further development of drugs. The discovery and development of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) have opened up new avenues that support the concept of screening for cell-based safety and toxicity at the level of a population. This approach, termed “Clinical Trials in a Dish” (CTiD), allows testing medical therapies for safety or efficacy on cells collected from a representative sample of human patients, before moving into actual clinical trials. It can be applied to the development of drugs for specific populations, and it allows predicting not only the magnitude of effects but also the incidence of patients in a population who will benefit or be harmed by these drugs. This, in turn, can lead to the selection of safer drugs to move into clinical development, resulting in a reduction in attrition. The current article offers a perspective of this new model for “humanized” preclinical drug development.

          要約

          製薬業界は、主に臨床開発における高い開発中止率の影響で、新薬の開発コストが持続不可能なレベルに達しており、これまでにない問題に直面している。知識のギャップを縮小し、薬物のさらなる開発の継続または中止に関する早期の決定を可能にするためには、前臨床試験と臨床試験の間の研究を橋渡しする戦略が必要です。ヒト人工多能性幹細胞(hiPSCs)の発見と開発は、集団レベルでの細胞ベースの安全性と毒性のスクリーニングという概念を支える新たな道を切り開いた。「シャーレの中で臨床試験」(CTiD)と呼ばれるこのアプローチは、実際の臨床試験に移る前に、ヒト患者の代表的サンプルから採取した細胞に対する薬物療法の安全性または有効性の試験を可能にする。これは、特定の集団のための薬物の開発に適用することができ、効果の大きさだけでなく、集団内でこれらの薬物によって恩恵または被害を受ける患者の発生率も予測することができる。結果として、より安全な薬物を選択して臨床開発に進むことができるようになり、開発中止率の減少につながる可能性がある。本論文では、この「ヒト化」前臨床薬剤開発の新しいモデルの展望が示されている。

          초록

          제약 업계는 임상 개발에서의 높은 실패율을 중심으로 신약 개발 비용이 지속가능하지 않은 수준에 이르게 됨에 따라 전례 없는 도전 과제에 직면하고 있다. 전임상 시험과 임상 시험을 연계하는 전략이 지식 격차를 줄이고 신약 개발 지속 여부에 대한 조기 결정을 위해 필요하다. 인간유도만능줄기세포(hiPSCs)의 발견 및 개발로 인해 모집단 차원에서 세포 기반 안전 및 독성 검사의 개념을 뒷받침하는 새로운 방법이 생겨났다. 이와 같은 접근법은 “배양 접시 임상시험”(CTiD)이라 불리며 실제 임상 시험으로 넘어가기 전에 환자의 대표 표본에서 수집한 세포를 통해 치료법의 안전이나 효능에 대한 시험을 가능케 한다. 특정 집단을 목표로 하는 신약 개발에 적용할 수 있으며, 효과의 정도뿐만 아니라 신약으로 인해 효과를 보거나 피해를 입을 집단 내 환자의 발병률을 예측할 수 있다. 이는 임상 개발로 진행되는 안전한 신약 선택으로 이어지며 실패율을 감소시킨다. 본 논문은 “인간화된” 전임상 신약 개발에 대한 신규 모델에 대한 전망을 다룬다.

          摘要

          制药行业正面临着前所未有的挑战,因为研发新药的成本已经达到难以维系的水平,这很大程度上是由临床研发中的高耗损率造成的。需要在临床前试验与临床试验之间实行桥接研究战略,以缩小知识鸿沟,并使得更早地决定继续还是停止进一步研发药物成为可能。人类诱导多能干细胞(hiPSCs)的发现和开发开辟了新的途径,其支持了基于细胞对药物在人群中的安全性和毒性进行筛查的概念。这种被称为“培养皿中的临床试验”(CTiD)的方法能够在进入实际的临床试验之前,对从代表性人类患者样品中收集的细胞的疗法的安全性或功效性进行检查。它可以被用于开发针对特定人群的药物,同时它既能预测疗效的程度,又能预测在某一人群中受益于这些药物或受这些药物伤害的患者比率。这反过来又能使我们选出更安全的药物进行临床研发,从而减少耗损。本文提供了对这种新型的“人性化”临床前药物研发的展望。

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          Most cited references74

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          Rejuvenating senescent and centenarian human cells by reprogramming through the pluripotent state.

          Direct reprogramming of somatic cells into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) provides a unique opportunity to derive patient-specific stem cells with potential applications in tissue replacement therapies and without the ethical concerns of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). However, cellular senescence, which contributes to aging and restricted longevity, has been described as a barrier to the derivation of iPSCs. Here we demonstrate, using an optimized protocol, that cellular senescence is not a limit to reprogramming and that age-related cellular physiology is reversible. Thus, we show that our iPSCs generated from senescent and centenarian cells have reset telomere size, gene expression profiles, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial metabolism, and are indistinguishable from hESCs. Finally, we show that senescent and centenarian-derived pluripotent stem cells are able to redifferentiate into fully rejuvenated cells. These results provide new insights into iPSC technology and pave the way for regenerative medicine for aged patients.
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            Human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes: insights into molecular, cellular, and functional phenotypes.

            Disease models are essential for understanding cardiovascular disease pathogenesis and developing new therapeutics. The human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology has generated significant enthusiasm for its potential application in basic and translational cardiac research. Patient-specific iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes offer an attractive experimental platform to model cardiovascular diseases, study the earliest stages of human development, accelerate predictive drug toxicology tests, and advance potential regenerative therapies. Harnessing the power of iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes could eliminate confounding species-specific and interpersonal variations and ultimately pave the way for the development of personalized medicine for cardiovascular diseases. However, the predictive power of iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes as a valuable model is contingent on comprehensive and rigorous molecular and functional characterization.
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              Changes in Prescription and Over-the-Counter Medication and Dietary Supplement Use Among Older Adults in the United States, 2005 vs 2011.

              Prescription and over-the-counter medicines and dietary supplements are commonly used, alone and together, among older adults. However, the effect of recent regulatory and market forces on these patterns is not known.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                SLAS Discov
                SLAS Discov
                JBX
                spjbx
                Slas Discovery
                SAGE Publications (Sage CA: Los Angeles, CA )
                2472-5552
                2472-5560
                04 June 2018
                September 2018
                : 23
                : 8
                : 765-776
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Coyne Scientific, Atlanta, GA, USA
                Author notes
                [*]Bernard Fermini, PhD, Coyne Scientific, 1899 Powers Ferry Road SE, Suite 100, Atlanta, GA 30339, USA. Email: bfermini@ 123456coynesci.com
                Article
                10.1177_2472555218775028
                10.1177/2472555218775028
                6104197
                29862873
                1183da2f-6fc2-4c9c-8b4d-42b2fdd7da07
                © 2018 Society for Laboratory Automation and Screening

                This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 License ( http://www.creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits non-commercial use, reproduction and distribution of the work without further permission provided the original work is attributed as specified on the SAGE and Open Access pages ( https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/open-access-at-sage).

                History
                : 29 January 2018
                Categories
                Perspective

                stem cells,cell-based assays,cardiac diseases,toxicology

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