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      Traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, toxicity and clinical application of traditional Chinese medicine Cynoglossum amabile: a review

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          Abstract

          Cynoglossum amabile, a member of the Boraginaceae family, is a well-known traditional Chinese medicine and ethnomedicine known as Daotihu. Despite several studies confirming the presence of bioactive pyrrolizidine alkaloids such as amabiline, ambelline, echinatine, europine, and others in C. amabile, there has been no comprehensive review of its traditional uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacology thus far. This review was conducted by thoroughly examining the literature and analyzing network databases. It covers various aspects of C. amabile, including botanical characteristics, geographical distribution, traditional applications, phytochemistry, pharmacological activities, toxicology, and clinical applications. The results have shown that C. amabile has been traditionally used for medicinal, edible, and ornamental purposes in China for many centuries. The whole plant, root, and leaf of C. amabile are used by different ethnic groups, such as Lisu, Bai, Naxi, Yi, Jinuo, and Han, to treat malaria, hepatitis, dysentery, leucorrhea, tuberculosis cough, fracture, joint dislocation, trauma bleeding, and skin carbuncle abscess. A total of 47 chemical components, including alkaloids (pyrrolizidine alkaloids, PAs), sterols, organic acids, and saccharides, were isolated from C. amabile. Pharmacological studies show that the chemical extracts of C. amabile possess various biological activities, such as anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, anti-microbial, cardiovascular effects, ganglionic action, and acetylcholinesterase inhibition. However, it is important to note that C. amabile exhibits hepatotoxicity, with its toxicity being linked to its primary PAs components. Although preliminary studies suggest potential applications in the treatment of prostate diseases and alopecia, further research is needed to validate these clinical uses. Our review highlights the traditional uses, phytochemistry, biological activity, toxicity, and clinical applications of C. amabile. It emphasizes the essential guiding role of the indigenous medicinal knowledge system in developing new drugs. Previous studies have shown that the phytochemical and pharmacological characteristics of C. amabile are significantly related to its traditional medicinal practices. Cynoglossum amabile has excellent market potential and can be further analyzed in terms of phytochemistry, pharmacology, and toxicology, which are critical for its clinical drug safety, quality evaluation, and resource development.

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          Protein sensors for membrane sterols.

          Cholesterol is an essential component of animal cell membranes, and its concentration is tightly controlled by a feedback system that operates at transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels. Here, we discuss recent advances that explain how cells employ an ensemble of membrane-embedded proteins to monitor sterol concentrations and adjust sterol synthesis and uptake.
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            Pyrrolizidine alkaloid-containing plants are widely distributed in the world and are probably the most common poisonous plants affecting livestock, wildlife, and humans. Because of their abundance and potent toxicities, the mechanisms by which pyrrolizidine alkaloids induce genotoxicities, particularly carcinogenicity, were extensively studied for several decades but not exclusively elucidated until recently. To date, the pyrrolizidine alkaloid-induced genotoxicities were revealed to be elicited by the hepatic metabolism of these naturally occurring toxins. In this review, we present updated information on the metabolism, metabolizing enzymes, and the mechanisms by which pyrrolizidine alkaloids exert genotoxicity and tumorigenicity.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                URI : https://loop.frontiersin.org/people/2553677/overviewRole: Role: Role: Role:
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                Journal
                Front Pharmacol
                Front Pharmacol
                Front. Pharmacol.
                Frontiers in Pharmacology
                Frontiers Media S.A.
                1663-9812
                09 April 2024
                2024
                : 15
                : 1325283
                Affiliations
                [1] 1 Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environment in Minority Areas (Minzu University of China) , National Ethnic Affairs Commission , Beijing, China
                [2] 2 College of Life and Environmental Sciences , Minzu University of China , Beijing, China
                [3] 3 Xianggelila Bureau of Forestry and Grassland , Beijing, China
                [4] 4 Baoshan Administrative of Gaoligongshan National Nature Reserve , Baoshan, China
                [5] 5 College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering , Beijing Technology and Business University , Beijing, China
                [6] 6 BTBU-TANGYI Innovation Center for the Evaluation of the Safety and Efficacy of Bioengineering Raw Materials , Beijing, China
                [7] 7 Key Laboratory of Ethnomedicine (Minzu University of China) , Ministry of Education , Beijing, China
                [8] 8 Institute of National Security Studies , Minzu University of China , Beijing, China
                Author notes

                Edited by: Adam Matkowski, Wroclaw Medical University, Poland

                Reviewed by: Katarzyna Syklowska-Baranek, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland

                Rufeng Wang, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, China

                *Correspondence: Min Wang, wangmin_216@ 123456163.com ; Chunlin Long, long.chunlin@ 123456muc.edu.cn
                Article
                1325283
                10.3389/fphar.2024.1325283
                11035817
                38655180
                112a3b1d-adc3-40cc-9bb0-2b9436c34e17
                Copyright © 2024 Fan, Wang, Zhang, Ouyang, Mao, Xu, Wang and Long.

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

                History
                : 20 October 2023
                : 25 March 2024
                Funding
                Funded by: National Natural Science Foundation of China , doi 10.13039/501100001809;
                The author(s) declare financial support was received for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article. This research was funded by the Yunnan Provincial Science and Technology Talent and Platform Plan (202305AF150121), Assessment of Edible and Medicinal Plant Diversity and Associated Traditional Knowledge in Gaoligong Mountains (GBP-2022-01), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31761143001 and 31870316), China Scholarship Council (202206390021), the Minzu University of China (2020MDJC03, 2022ZDPY10, and 2022GJAQ04) and the China Scholarship Council (202206390021).
                Categories
                Pharmacology
                Review
                Custom metadata
                Ethnopharmacology

                Pharmacology & Pharmaceutical medicine
                cynoglossum amabile,ethnomedicine,traditional utilization,pyrrolizidine alkaloids,pharmacology,hepatotoxicity

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