Characteristics of anatomical landmarks in the mandibular
interforaminal region: A cone-beam computed tomography study

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Abstract

Objectives: This study was conducted to assess appearance, visibility, location and course of anatomical landmarks in mandibular interforaminal region using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). Study design: A total of 96 CBCT examinations was re-evaluated to exploit anatomical landmarks. The examinations used the Promax 3D CBCT unit. A sole examiner carried out all the measurements. Visibilities of the anatomical landmarks were scored using a four-point rating scale. Results: The mandibular foramen, anterior loop, incisive canal and lingual foramen were observed in 100,84,83,49 % of the images, respectively. The mean size, diameter and width of anterior loop, incisive canal and lingual foramen were obtained 3.54± 1.41, 1.47±0.50 and 0.8 ± 0.09mm, respectively. Conclusion: It is not safe to recommend any definite distance mesially from the mental foramen. The diameter of the canals and foramens should be determined on a case-by-case basis to exploit the appropriate location for each individual.

Key words:Anatomical landmarks, cone-beam computed tomography, implant surgery, radiographic evaluation, surgical complications.

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Most cited references 23

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The mental foramen and nerve: clinical and anatomical factors related to dental implant placement: a literature review.

Dennis Tarnow, G Greenstein (2006)

The mental foramen is a strategically important landmark during osteotomy procedures. Its location and the possibility that an anterior loop of the mental nerve may be present mesial to the mental foramen needs to be considered before implant surgery to avoid mental nerve injury. Articles that addressed the position, number, and size of the mental foramen, mental nerve anatomy, and consequences of nerve damage were evaluated for information pertinent to clinicians performing implant dentistry. The mental foramen may be oval or round and is usually located apical to the second mandibular premolar or between apices of the premolars. However, its location can vary from the mandibular canine to the first molar. The foramen may not appear on conventional radiographs, and linear measurements need to be adjusted to account for radiographic distortion. Computerized tomography (CT) scans are more accurate for detecting the mental foramen than conventional radiographs. There are discrepancies between studies regarding the prevalence and length of the loop of the mental nerve mesial to the mental foramen. Furthermore, investigations that compared radiographic and cadaveric dissection data with respect to identifying the anterior loop reported that radiographic assessments result in a high percentage of false-positive and -negatives findings. Sensory dysfunction due to nerve damage in the foraminal area can occur if the inferior alveolar or mental nerve is damaged during preparation of an osteotomy. To avoid nerve injury during surgery in the foraminal area, guidelines were developed based on the literature with respect to verifying the position of the mental foramen and validating the presence of an anterior loop of the mental nerve. These guidelines included leaving a 2 mm zone of safety between an implant and the coronal aspect of the nerve; observation of the inferior alveolar nerve and mental foramen on panoramic and periapical films prior to implant placement; use of CT scans when these techniques do not provide clarity with respect to the position of the nerve; surgical corroboration of the mental foramen's position when an anterior loop of the mental foramen is suspected of being present or if it is unclear how much bone is present coronal to the foramen to establish a zone of safety (in millimeters) for implant placement; once a safety zone is identified, implants can be placed anterior to, posterior to, or above the mental foramen; and prior to placing an implant anterior to the mental foramen that is deeper than the safety zone, the foramen must be probed to exclude the possibility that an anterior loop is present. In general, altered lip sensations are preventable if the mental foramen is located and this knowledge is employed when performing surgical procedures in the foraminal area.

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Morphometric analysis of implant-related anatomy in Caucasian skulls.

Hom-Lay Wang, Ricardo Gapski, Rodrigo Neiva (2004)

Sequelae related to implant placement/advanced bone grafting procedures are a result of injury to surrounding anatomic structures. Damage may not necessarily lead to implant failure; however, it is the most common cause of legal action against the practitioner. This study aimed to describe morphological aspects and variations of the anatomy directly related to implant treatment. Morphometric analyses were performed in 22 Caucasian skulls. Measurements of the mental foramen (MF) included height (MF-H), width (MF-W), and location in relation to other known anatomical landmarks. Presence or absence of anterior loops (AL) of the inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) was determined, and the mesial extent of the loop was measured. Additional measurements included height (G-H), width (G-W), thickness (G-T), and volume (G-V) of monocortical onlay grafts harvested from the mandibular symphysis area, and thickness of the lateral wall (T-LW) of the maxillary sinus. The independent samples t test, and a two-tailed t test with equal variance were utilized to determine statistical significance to a level of P < 0.05. Multiple regression analyses were performed to determine if each one of these measurements was affected by age and gender. The most common location of the MF in relation to teeth was found to be below the apices of mandibular premolars. The mean MF-H was 3.47 +/- 0.71 mm and the mean MF-W was 3.59 +/- 0.8 mm. The mean distance from the MF to other anatomical landmarks were: MF-CEJ = 15.52 +/- 2.37 mm, MF to the most apical portion of the lower cortex of the mandible = 12.0 +/- 1.67 mm, MF to the midline = 27.61+/- 2.29 mm, and MF-MF = 55.23 +/- 5.34 mm. A high prevalence of AL was found (88%); symmetric occurrence was a common finding (76.2%), with a mean length of 4.13 +/- 2.04 mm. The mean size of symphyseal grafts was: G-H = 9.45 +/- 1.08 mm, G-W = 14.5 +/- 3.0 mm, and G-T = 6.15 +/- 1.04 mm, with an average G-V of 857.55 +/- 283.97 mm3 (range: 352 to 1,200 mm3). The mean T-LW of the maxillary sinus was 0.91 +/- 0.43 mm. Implant-related anatomy must be carefully evaluated before treatment due to considerable variations among individuals, in order to prevent injury to surrounding anatomical structures and possible damage.

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Appearance, location, course, and morphology of the mandibular incisive canal: an assessment on spiral CT scan.

M Quirynen, David R Jacobs, N Mraiwa … (2002)

To assess the appearance, location, and course of the incisive canal as compared to other anatomical landmarks on spiral CT of the mandible. Study material included 230 spiral CT scans taken for preoperative planning of implant placement in the posterior mandible. All scanning was performed using a standard exposure and patient positioning protocol. Axial, panoramic, and reformatted cross-sectional images were carefully examined. Visibility of the incisive canal and other anatomical landmarks was scored using a four-point rating scale. The vertical and buccolingual diameter of the outer contour as well the diameter of the inner contour of the incisive canal were measured using a digital sliding caliper. An incisive canal was identified in 93% of the cases, with good visibility in 22% of the cases. Mean (s.d.) vertical diameter, buccolingual diameter, and inner diameter of the incisive canal were 4.7 (1.1), 3.7 (0.7), and 1.1 (0.3) mm respectively. The mandibular canal, mental foramen, lingual foramen, and anterior looping appeared in 98, 100, 82 and 7% of the images respectively. A well-defined incisive canal could be detected in the majority of spiral CT scans. Its radiographic detection remained lower than for the mandibular canal or mental foramen, but higher than for the visibility of the lingual foramen. Visualisation of the incisive canal and the occasional presence of an anterior looping, demonstrates the potential value of cross-sectional imaging of the anterior mandible for presurgical planning purposes.

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Author and article information

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal

Journal ID (publisher-id): Medicina Oral S.L.

Title: Medicina Oral, Patología Oral y Cirugía Bucal

Publisher: Medicina Oral S.L.

ISSN (Print): 1698-4447

ISSN (Electronic): 1698-6946

Publication date (Print): May 2012

Publication date (Electronic): 6 December 2011

Volume: 17

Issue: 3

Pages: e420-e425

Affiliations

[1 ]DDS, MSc, Assistant professor, Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran

[2 ]DDS, MSc, Assistant professor, Department of Prosthodontics and Dental and Periodontal Research Center, School of Dentistry, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran

[3 ]DDS, Private Practice

Author notes

Department of Prosthodontics School of Dentistry Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz, Iran , E-mail: elnaz_moslehi@ 123456yahoo.com

Article

Publisher ID: 17520

DOI: 10.4317/medoral.17520

PMC ID: 3476108

PubMed ID: 22143718

SO-VID: 10ae9846-5d05-4822-b188-8d58440df5d9

License:

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

History

Date accepted : 12 June 2011

Date received : 4 February 2011

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Characteristics of anatomical landmarks in the mandibular interforaminal region: A cone-beam computed tomography study

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Most cited references 23

The mental foramen and nerve: clinical and anatomical factors related to dental implant placement: a literature review.

Morphometric analysis of implant-related anatomy in Caucasian skulls.

Appearance, location, course, and morphology of the mandibular incisive canal: an assessment on spiral CT scan.

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Cited by 26

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