Broiler recycled litter treatments against Clostridium perfringens and enterobacteria in conventional and dark house systems

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Abstract

Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the effectiveness of quicklime and shallow fermentation applications on the reduction of Clostridium perfringens and enterobacteria in recycled poultry litter, in dark house and conventional systems. Eighty litter samples were evaluated, being divided into four groups: litter treated with quicklime in dark house; litter treated with shallow fermentation and quicklime in dark house; and litter treated with quicklime in conventional broiler house; litter treated with shallow fermentation and quicklime in conventional broiler house. Samples were collected one day before slaughter and five days after litter treatment and were subjected to the quantitative microbiological analysis of enterobacteria and C. perfringens. The bacterial load in pre-treated litter was similar between the dark house and conventional systems. The groups treated only with quicklime showed a significant reduction of enterobacteria in both systems. The reduction of C. perfringens was only observed in the litter group treated with shallow fermentation and quicklime, in conventional broiler house. The use of 500 g m-2 quicklime is the most effective method to reduce enterobacteria load in broiler litter both in the dark house and conventional broiler house systems. The combined treatment of shallow fermentation for seven days with the subsequent application of 500 g m-2 quicklime is efficient for the reduction of C. perfringens in broiler litter, in conventional broiler house.

Translated abstract

Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a eficácia da aplicação da cal virgem e da fermentação rasa na redução de Clostridium perfringens e enterobactérias em cama de frango de corte reutilizada, nos sistemas “dark house” e convencional. Foram avaliadas 80 amostras de cama, divididas em quatro grupos: cama tratada com cal em “dark house”; cama tratada com fermentação rasa e cal em “dark house”; cama tratada com cal em aviário convencional; e cama tratada com fermentação rasa e cal em aviário convencional. As amostras foram coletadas um dia antes do abate e cinco dias após o tratamento da cama e foram submetidas à análise microbiológica quantitativa de enterobactérias e C. perfringens. A carga bacteriana antes do tratamento foi similar entre os sistemas “dark house” e convencional. Os grupos tratados somente com cal apresentaram redução de enterobactérias em ambos os sistemas. A redução de C. perfringens foi observada somente no grupo de cama tratada com fermentação rasa e cal em aviário convencional. O uso de 500 g m-2 de cal virgem é o método mais eficaz para reduzir a carga de enterobactérias em cama de frango, tanto no sistema “dark house” como no convencional. O tratamento combinado de fermentação rasa por sete dias com a posterior aplicação de 500 g m-2 de cal é eficiente para a redução de C. perfringens, em cama de frango, em aviário convencional.

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Clostridium perfringens in poultry: an emerging threat for animal and public health.

Freddy Haesebrouck, Jeroen De Buck, Gerard Huyghebaert … (2004)

The incidence of Clostridium perfringens-associated necrotic enteritis in poultry has increased in countries that stopped using antibiotic growth promoters. Necrotic enteritis and the subclinical form of C. perfringens infection in poultry are caused by C. perfringens type A, producing the alpha toxin, and to a lesser extent type C, producing both alpha toxin and beta toxin. Some strains of C. perfringens type A produce an enterotoxin at the moment of sporulation and are responsible for foodborne disease in humans. The mechanisms of colonization of the avian small intestinal tract and the factors involved in toxin production are largely unknown. It is generally accepted, however, that predisposing factors are required for these bacteria to colonize and cause disease in poultry. The best known predisposing factor is mucosal damage, caused by coccidiosis. Diets with high levels of indigestible, water-soluble non-starch polysaccharides, known to increase the viscosity of the intestinal contents, also predispose to necrotic enteritis. Standardized models are being developed for the reproduction of colonization of poultry by C. perfringens and the C. perfringens-associated necrotic enteritis. One such model is a combined infection with Eimeria species and C. perfringens. Few tools and strategies are available for prevention and control of C. perfringens in poultry. Vaccination against the pathogen and the use of probiotic and prebiotic products has been suggested, but are not available for practical use in the field at the present time. The most cost-effective control will probably be achieved by balancing the composition of the feed.

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Necrotic enteritis in broilers: an updated review on the pathogenesis.

L Timbermont, F. Haesebrouck, R Ducatelle … (2011)

Clostridium perfringens-induced necrotic enteritis and related subclinical disease have become economically significant problems for the broiler industry. Fortunately, scientific interest in this topic has grown: new C. perfringens virulence factors have been discovered and new insight gained about the pathogenesis of necrotic enteritis. It has been shown that alpha toxin, for a long time thought to be the key virulence factor, is not essential for the development of the disease. Moreover, it is now clearly established that only certain C. perfringens strains are capable of inducing necrotic enteritis under specific conditions that predispose to the disease and they constitute only a minority in the intestinal tract of healthy chickens. A novel pore-forming toxin, NetB, has been identified in these virulent avian C. perfringens strains. Using a gene knockout mutant, it has been shown that NetB is a critical virulence factor in the pathogenesis of necrotic enteritis in broilers. In addition to toxin production, other factors have been described that contribute to the ability of certain C. perfringens strains to cause necrotic enteritis in broilers. It has been suggested that proteolytic enzymes play an important role in the initial stages of necrotic enteritis since the villi are first affected at the level of the basement membrane and the lateral domain of the enterocytes. In field outbreaks of necrotic enteritis, a single clone of C. perfringens is dominant in intestines of all affected birds, as opposed to the mixture of different C. perfringens strains that can be isolated from healthy bird intestines. It has been proposed that bacteriocin production is responsible for the dominance of a single strain in necrotic enteritis cases. Furthermore, it has been shown that virulent strains are more able to adhere to extracellular matrix molecules than non-virulent strains. The current knowledge on the pathogenesis of the disease has been summarized in this short review.