Barriers of exclusive breastfeeding among mothers attending primary health-care centers in Jazan, Saudi Arabia

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A BSTRACT

Background:

Exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) describes infants who were only breastfed for 6 months. Many Saudi mothers have suboptimal breastfeeding practices. Therefore, this study aims to assess breastfeeding knowledge and determine barriers to EBF among mothers attending primary health care centers in Jazan City.

Methods:

A descriptive cross-sectional study was done that included all mothers attending the PHC centers. Data were collected through a self-administered questionnaire.

Results:

Most study participants understand breastfeeding’s health benefits for babies and mothers, but most believe that synthetic milk is the best alternative for working mothers to feed their babies. A percentage of 66.7 of mothers practiced breastfeeding during the first 6 months of the child’s life. EBF shows a significant relationship with knowledge and barriers. Sixty percent of mothers have never had any information about breastfeeding; the primary source was from their mothers and only 31.4% from hospital staff. Most respondents disagreed with statements of barriers to EBF, which elicits an unexpected response.

Conclusions:

Most participants have good knowledge concerning breastfeeding benefits for both mother and infant and disagreed on the mentioned barriers for EBF that include lack of breastmilk, deficiency of information, and working conditions.

Related collections

Most cited references 21

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Breastfeeding in the 21st century: epidemiology, mechanisms, and lifelong effect.

Cesar Victora, Rajiv Bahl, Aluísio Barros … (2016)

The importance of breastfeeding in low-income and middle-income countries is well recognised, but less consensus exists about its importance in high-income countries. In low-income and middle-income countries, only 37% of children younger than 6 months of age are exclusively breastfed. With few exceptions, breastfeeding duration is shorter in high-income countries than in those that are resource-poor. Our meta-analyses indicate protection against child infections and malocclusion, increases in intelligence, and probable reductions in overweight and diabetes. We did not find associations with allergic disorders such as asthma or with blood pressure or cholesterol, and we noted an increase in tooth decay with longer periods of breastfeeding. For nursing women, breastfeeding gave protection against breast cancer and it improved birth spacing, and it might also protect against ovarian cancer and type 2 diabetes. The scaling up of breastfeeding to a near universal level could prevent 823,000 annual deaths in children younger than 5 years and 20,000 annual deaths from breast cancer. Recent epidemiological and biological findings from during the past decade expand on the known benefits of breastfeeding for women and children, whether they are rich or poor.

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The Impact of Marketing of Breast-Milk Substitutes on WHO-Recommended Breastfeeding Practices.

Ellen G Piwoz, Sandra Huffman (2015)

Suboptimal breastfeeding results in 800 000 child deaths annually. There are multiple causes of suboptimal breastfeeding, including marketing of breast-milk substitutes.

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Is Open Access

Breastfeeding in Saudi Arabia: a review

Daifellah A M Al Juaid, Colin Binns, Roslyn Giglia (2014)

Background Breastfeeding is viewed as the optimal method of infant feeding that provides many benefits to both the infant and the mother. The monitoring and reporting of breastfeeding indicators are essential for any country to plan and implement effective promotion programs for sustainable breastfeeding. The aim of this review is to examine the available studies and data on breastfeeding in Saudi Arabia, and determine the potential factors that affect breastfeeding practices and duration in this country. Methods The databases of Web of Knowledge, Science Direct and PubMed were searched using the relevant key words. Only studies that reported breastfeeding practices, rates and indicators in Saudi Arabia were included. Standard WHO definitions for breastfeeding categories were used in this review. Results Seventeen cross-sectional studies were identified and reviewed and five stated they used standard definitions. The self-administered questionnaire as a measurement tool was the predominant method of data collection. Infants' ages range from less than six months up to five years. Initiation rates were high (mostly above 90%), but a few studies reported low rates of timely initiation (within the first hour). The exclusive breastfeeding rate could not be accurately determined as rates range from 0.8% to 43.9% among studies due to the lack of clear definitions and the nature of study design. The partial (mixed) feeding method was common and the category of 'any breastfeeding' has generally high rates. The mean duration of breastfeeding has showed a progressive decline over time from 13.4 months in 1987 to 8.5 months in 2010. Factors associated with a high prevalence of breastfeeding and longer duration include increased maternal age, low educational levels, rural residence, low income, multiparity and avoiding contraceptives. The most common reason for breastfeeding cessation was insufficient breast milk. Other reasons include sickness, new pregnancy and breastfeeding problems. Conclusions Breastfeeding indicators in Saudi Arabia could not be monitored or compared relying on the available data because no longitudinal studies have been conducted in this country. A cohort study design would be the most appropriate procedure to rigorously assess and report valid results on breastfeeding practices and patterns in the Saudi society.

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Author and article information

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): J Family Med Prim Care

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): J Family Med Prim Care

Journal ID (publisher-id): JFMPC

Journal ID (publisher-id): J Family Med Prim Care

Title: Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care

Publisher: Wolters Kluwer - Medknow (India )

ISSN (Print): 2249-4863

ISSN (Electronic): 2278-7135

Publication date (Print): February 2023

Publication date (Electronic): 28 February 2023

Volume: 12

Issue: 2

Pages: 295-304

Affiliations

[1 ] Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Jazan University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

[2 ] Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, Jazan University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Author notes

Address for correspondence: Dr. Sarah M. Salih, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. E-mail: sarahoda@ 123456yahoo.com

Article

Publisher ID: JFMPC-12-295

DOI: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_73_22

PMC ID: 10114554

SO-VID: 103150e1-dbac-4d8b-b729-f4f73d28148f

License:

This is an open access journal, and articles are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 License, which allows others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work non-commercially, as long as appropriate credit is given and the new creations are licensed under the identical terms.

History

Date received : 09 January 2022

Date revision received : 16 September 2022

Date accepted : 07 October 2022

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