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      Multiple drivers of decline in the global status of freshwater crayfish (Decapoda: Astacidea)

      research-article
      1 , 2 , 1 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 6 , 7 , 6 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 6 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 2 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41
      Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
      The Royal Society
      extinction risk, crayfish, IUCN Red List, threatened, freshwater biodiversity

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          Abstract

          Rates of biodiversity loss are higher in freshwater ecosystems than in most terrestrial or marine ecosystems, making freshwater conservation a priority. However, prioritization methods are impeded by insufficient knowledge on the distribution and conservation status of freshwater taxa, particularly invertebrates. We evaluated the extinction risk of the world's 590 freshwater crayfish species using the IUCN Categories and Criteria and found 32% of all species are threatened with extinction. The level of extinction risk differed between families, with proportionally more threatened species in the Parastacidae and Astacidae than in the Cambaridae. Four described species were Extinct and 21% were assessed as Data Deficient. There was geographical variation in the dominant threats affecting the main centres of crayfish diversity. The majority of threatened US and Mexican species face threats associated with urban development, pollution, damming and water management. Conversely, the majority of Australian threatened species are affected by climate change, harvesting, agriculture and invasive species. Only a small proportion of crayfish are found within the boundaries of protected areas, suggesting that alternative means of long-term protection will be required. Our study highlights many of the significant challenges yet to come for freshwater biodiversity unless conservation planning shifts from a reactive to proactive approach.

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          Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities.

          Conservationists are far from able to assist all species under threat, if only for lack of funding. This places a premium on priorities: how can we support the most species at the least cost? One way is to identify 'biodiversity hotspots' where exceptional concentrations of endemic species are undergoing exceptional loss of habitat. As many as 44% of all species of vascular plants and 35% of all species in four vertebrate groups are confined to 25 hotspots comprising only 1.4% of the land surface of the Earth. This opens the way for a 'silver bullet' strategy on the part of conservation planners, focusing on these hotspots in proportion to their share of the world's species at risk.
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            The value of the world's ecosystem services and natural capital

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              Global threats to human water security and river biodiversity.

              Protecting the world's freshwater resources requires diagnosing threats over a broad range of scales, from global to local. Here we present the first worldwide synthesis to jointly consider human and biodiversity perspectives on water security using a spatial framework that quantifies multiple stressors and accounts for downstream impacts. We find that nearly 80% of the world's population is exposed to high levels of threat to water security. Massive investment in water technology enables rich nations to offset high stressor levels without remedying their underlying causes, whereas less wealthy nations remain vulnerable. A similar lack of precautionary investment jeopardizes biodiversity, with habitats associated with 65% of continental discharge classified as moderately to highly threatened. The cumulative threat framework offers a tool for prioritizing policy and management responses to this crisis, and underscores the necessity of limiting threats at their source instead of through costly remediation of symptoms in order to assure global water security for both humans and freshwater biodiversity.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci
                Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond., B, Biol. Sci
                RSTB
                royptb
                Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
                The Royal Society
                0962-8436
                1471-2970
                19 February 2015
                19 February 2015
                : 370
                : 1662 , Discussion meeting issue ‘Phylogeny, extinction and conservation’ organized and edited by Félix Forest, Keith A Crandall, Mark W Chase and Daniel P Faith
                : 20140060
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London , Regent's Park, London NW1 4RY, UK
                [2 ]School of Environment, Natural Resources and Geography, Bangor University , Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW, UK
                [3 ]USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station, Center for Bottomland Hardwoods Research , 1000 Front St., Oxford, MS 38655-4915, USA
                [4 ]Colección Nacional de Crustáceos, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , Apartado Postal 70-153, México 04510 DF, México
                [5 ]Oklahoma Biological Survey and Department of Biology, University of Oklahoma , Norman, OK 73019, USA
                [6 ]School of Natural Sciences, Edith Cowan University , 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
                [7 ]Northeast Natural History and Supply , 24 North Grove St., Middleboro, MA 02346, USA
                [8 ]Jagabar Environmental , PO Box 634, Duncraig, Western Australia 6023, Australia
                [9 ]Computational Biology Institute, George Washington University , Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
                [10 ]Department of Invertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution , Washington, DC 20013, USA
                [11 ]Australian Rivers Institute, Griffith School of Environment, Griffith University , Gold Coast Campus, Queensland 4222, Australia
                [12 ]Missouri Department of Conservation, 3500 East Gans Road, Columbia, MO 65201, USA
                [13 ]Bookend Trust and the School of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania , PO Box 310, Sandy Bay, Tasmania 7006, Australia
                [14 ]Institute of Freshwater Research, Department of Aquatic Resources, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences , 178 93 Drottningholm, Sweden
                [15 ]School of Agricultural, Forestry and Environmental Sciences, Clemson University , Clemson, SC 29634, USA
                [16 ]River Ecology and Conservation, Institute of Ecology, University of Innsbruck , Technikerstrasse 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
                [17 ]Griffith School of Environment and the Environmental Futures Research Institute, Griffith University , Gold Coast Campus, Queensland 4222, Australia
                [18 ]Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Firenze , via Romana 17, 50125 Firenze, Italy
                [19 ]Upper Canada College , 200 Lonsdale Road, Toronto, Ontario, CanadaM4V 1W6
                [20 ]Crayfish Survey and Research, Peak Ecology Limited , Arden House, Deepdale Business Park, Bakewell, Derbyshire DE45 1GT, UK
                [21 ]Environmental and Conservation Sciences, Murdoch University , 90 South St., Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia
                [22 ]Marine and Freshwater Research Laboratory, Murdoch University , 90 South St., Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia
                [23 ]James Cook University, School of Marine and Tropical Biology , PO Box 6811, Cairns, Queensland 4870, Australia
                [24 ]Mississippi Department of Wildlife, Fisheries, and Parks, Museum of Natural Science, 2148 Riverside Drive, Jackson, MS 39202-1353, USA
                [25 ]Department of Integrated Science and Technology, Marshall University , 1 John Marshall Drive, Huntington, WV 25755, USA
                [26 ]Wakkanai Fisheries Institute , 4-5-15 Suehiro, Wakkanai, 097-0001 Hokkaido, Japan
                [27 ]Department of Environmental Management and Ecology, La Trobe University , Wodonga, Victoria 3690, Australia
                [28 ]Evolutionary Biology and Population Genetics Laboratory, Universidad de Quintana Roo , Unidad Académica Cozumel, Av. Andrés Quintana Roo con Calle 110s/n, Frente a Col. San Gervasio, Cozumel 77600, Q. Roo, México
                [29 ]International Union for Conservation of Nature, Global Ecosystem Management Programme , 219c Huntingdon Road, Cambridge CB3 0DL, UK
                [30 ]Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Facultad de Medicina, Circuito Interior, Ciudad Universitaria , Av. Universidad 3000, CP 04510. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Biología, tercer circuito s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, México DF CP 04510, México
                [31 ]Trinity College Dublin , 115 Weirview Drive, Stillorgan, Co. Dublin, Ireland
                [32 ]School of Biology, University of Tasmania , Private Bag 55, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
                [33 ]Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne , 30 Flemington Road, Parkville, 3010 Victoria, Australia
                [34 ]305 Boone Way, Richmond, KY 40475, USA
                [35 ]Environment Agency , Wessex Area, Rivers House, East Quay, Bridgwater TA6 4YS, UK
                [36 ]Laboratoire Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, Université de Poitiers , Equipe Ecologie Evolution Symbiose, UMR CNRS 7267, Poitiers Cedex, France
                [37 ]Prairie Research Institute, Illinois Natural History Survey , 1816 S. Oak, Champaign, IL 61820, USA
                [38 ]Midwest Biodiversity Institute , 4673 Northwest Parkway, Hilliard, OH 43026, USA
                [39 ]Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University Alexandria , 8100 Highway 71 S, Alexandria, LA 71302, USA
                [40 ]34 McKenzie St, Lismore, New South Wales 2480, Australia
                [41 ]Centre for Biodiversity and Environmental Research, University College London , Gower St., London WC1E 6BT, UK
                Author notes

                One contribution of 17 to a discussion meeting issue ‘ Phylogeny, extinction and conservation’.

                [†]

                We dedicate this paper to Francesca, our co-author and friend, who sadly passed away in February 2013. She was an outstanding scientist and made a significant contribution to the field of invasive species biology. She is dearly missed.

                Article
                rstb20140060
                10.1098/rstb.2014.0060
                4290432
                25561679
                102f75ea-4df6-4b59-a80f-03ff75a4429c

                © 2015 The Authors. Published by the Royal Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, which permits unrestricted use, provided the original author and source are credited.

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                February 19, 2015

                Philosophy of science
                extinction risk,crayfish,iucn red list,threatened,freshwater biodiversity
                Philosophy of science
                extinction risk, crayfish, iucn red list, threatened, freshwater biodiversity

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