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      Liposomes: structure, composition, types, and clinical applications ☆

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          Abstract

          Liposomes are now considered the most commonly used nanocarriers for various potentially active hydrophobic and hydrophilic molecules due to their high biocompatibility, biodegradability, and low immunogenicity. Liposomes also proved to enhance drug solubility and controlled distribution, as well as their capacity for surface modifications for targeted, prolonged, and sustained release. Based on the composition, liposomes can be considered to have evolved from conventional, long-circulating, targeted, and immune-liposomes to stimuli-responsive and actively targeted liposomes. Many liposomal-based drug delivery systems are currently clinically approved to treat several diseases, such as cancer, fungal and viral infections; more liposomes have reached advanced phases in clinical trials. This review describes liposomes structure, composition, preparation methods, and clinical applications.

          Abstract

          Liposomes; Phospholipids; Lamellarity; Stealth liposomes; Vaccinations.

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          Stimuli-responsive nanocarriers for drug delivery.

          Simona Mura, Julien Nicolas, Patrick Couvreur … (2014)
          Spurred by recent progress in materials chemistry and drug delivery, stimuli-responsive devices that deliver a drug in spatial-, temporal- and dosage-controlled fashions have become possible. Implementation of such devices requires the use of biocompatible materials that are susceptible to a specific physical incitement or that, in response to a specific stimulus, undergo a protonation, a hydrolytic cleavage or a (supra)molecular conformational change. In this Review, we discuss recent advances in the design of nanoscale stimuli-responsive systems that are able to control drug biodistribution in response to specific stimuli, either exogenous (variations in temperature, magnetic field, ultrasound intensity, light or electric pulses) or endogenous (changes in pH, enzyme concentration or redox gradients).
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            Nanocarriers as an emerging platform for cancer therapy.

            Dan Peer, Jeffrey M Karp, Seungpyo Hong … (2008)
            Nanotechnology has the potential to revolutionize cancer diagnosis and therapy. Advances in protein engineering and materials science have contributed to novel nanoscale targeting approaches that may bring new hope to cancer patients. Several therapeutic nanocarriers have been approved for clinical use. However, to date, there are only a few clinically approved nanocarriers that incorporate molecules to selectively bind and target cancer cells. This review examines some of the approved formulations and discusses the challenges in translating basic research to the clinic. We detail the arsenal of nanocarriers and molecules available for selective tumour targeting, and emphasize the challenges in cancer treatment.
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              PEGylation as a strategy for improving nanoparticle-based drug and gene delivery.

              Jung Suk, Qingguo Xu, Namho Kim … (2016)
              Coating the surface of nanoparticles with polyethylene glycol (PEG), or "PEGylation", is a commonly used approach for improving the efficiency of drug and gene delivery to target cells and tissues. Building from the success of PEGylating proteins to improve systemic circulation time and decrease immunogenicity, the impact of PEG coatings on the fate of systemically administered nanoparticle formulations has, and continues to be, widely studied. PEG coatings on nanoparticles shield the surface from aggregation, opsonization, and phagocytosis, prolonging systemic circulation time. Here, we briefly describe the history of the development of PEGylated nanoparticle formulations for systemic administration, including how factors such as PEG molecular weight, PEG surface density, nanoparticle core properties, and repeated administration impact circulation time. A less frequently discussed topic, we then describe how PEG coatings on nanoparticles have also been utilized for overcoming various biological barriers to efficient drug and gene delivery associated with other modes of administration, ranging from gastrointestinal to ocular. Finally, we describe both methods for PEGylating nanoparticles and methods for characterizing PEG surface density, a key factor in the effectiveness of the PEG surface coating for improving drug and gene delivery.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Walhan Alshaer
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Heliyon
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Heliyon
                Title: Heliyon
                Publisher: Elsevier
                ISSN (Electronic): 2405-8440
                Publication date PMC-release: 13 May 2022
                Publication date Collection: May 2022
                Publication date (Electronic): 13 May 2022
                Volume: 8
                Issue: 5
                Electronic Location Identifier: e09394
                Affiliations
                [a ]Pharmacological and Diagnostic Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman, 19328, Jordan
                [b ]Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Science, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan
                [c ]Department of Biology, The University of Jordan, Amman, 11942, Jordan
                [d ]Department of Chemistry, The University of Jordan, Amman, 11942, Jordan
                [e ]Hamdi Mango Center for Scientific Research, The University of Jordan, Amman, 11942, Jordan
                [f ]Cell Therapy Center, The University of Jordan, Amman, 11942, Jordan
                Author notes
                [∗ ]Corresponding author. walhan.alshaer@ 123456ju.edu.jo
                Article
                Publisher Item ID: S2405-8440(22)00682-X Publisher ID: e09394
                DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09394
                PMC ID: 9118483
                PubMed ID: 35600452
                SO-VID: 0f753cbd-049c-4f19-acc4-88765f1d25dc
                Copyright © © 2022 The Author(s)
                License:

                This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 31 December 2021
                Date revision received : 19 February 2022
                Date accepted : 6 May 2022
                Categories
                Subject: Review Article

                Keywords: liposomes,phospholipids,lamellarity,stealth liposomes,vaccinations
                Data availability:
                Keywords: liposomes, phospholipids, lamellarity, stealth liposomes, vaccinations

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