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      Prevention and Management of Cardiovascular Disease in Primary Care: A Comment on the PEER Simplified Lipid Guideline

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          Abstract

          Background

          In Canada, 2 guidelines provide guidance for the management of dyslipidemia. The Patients, Experience, Evidence, Research simplified lipid guidelines, intended for primary care practitioners, and the Canadian Cardiovascular Society guidelines, intended for all practitioners, are based on differing methodologies with distinct priorities and preferences. The disparate approaches may contribute to confusion among family practitioners and their co-managed patients, with the potential for compromised care, differing standards for training in the fundamentals of lipidology, and differing criteria that might be used in practice audits to evaluate quality of care.

          Methods

          The Patients, Experience, Evidence, Research (PEER) recommendations were considered by primary authors of the Canadian Cardiovascular Society guideline to identify areas of concordance, discordance, or agreement with qualifications.

          Results

          Discordance between the guidelines is greatest with respect to interpretation of the cholesterol profile, the implications of elevated triglyceride, the utility of apolipoprotein B and non-high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol measurements, the role of nonstatin medications, and the importance of assuring adherence and avoiding undertreatment through follow-up measurement of lipid profiles. The disparate importance attached to identification of patients with enhanced risk due to an elevated lipoprotein (a) level is also apparent.

          Conclusions

          This comparison attempts to reconcile key principles of practice, to foster both high quality of care and fully informed patient-centred decision-making.

          Résumé

          Contexte

          Au Canada, deux lignes directrices régissent la prise en charge de la dyslipidémie. Les lignes directrices simplifiées sur les lipides: Patients, Experience, Evidence, Research, destinées aux praticiens de soins primaires, et les lignes directrices de la Société cardiovasculaire du Canada (SCC), destinées à tous les praticiens, sont basées sur des méthodologies différentes avec des priorités et des préférences distinctes. Des approches disparates peuvent contribuer à la confusion parmi les médecins de famille et leurs patients co-gérés, avec le risque de compromettre les soins, les normes de formation aux principes fondamentaux de la lipidologie et des critères différents qui pourraient être utilisés dans les audits de pratique pour évaluer la qualité des soins.

          Méthodes

          Les recommandations de Patients, Experience, Evidence, Research (PEER) ont été examinées par les principaux auteurs des lignes directrices de la SCC afin d'identifier les domaines de concordance, de discordance ou d'accord avec les qualifications.

          Résultats

          La discordance la plus importante entre les lignes directrices concerne l'interprétation du profil de cholestérol, les implications d'un taux élevé de triglycérides, l'utilité des mesures de l'apolipoprotéine B et du cholestérol non lié aux lipoprotéines de haute densité, le rôle des médicaments non statiniques et l'importance d'assurer l'observance du traitement et d'éviter un traitement insuffisant grâce à des mesures de suivi des profils lipidiques. L'importance disparate attachée à l'identification des patients présentant un risque accru en raison d'un taux élevé de lipoprotéine (a) est également évidente.

          Conclusions

          Cette comparaison tente de concilier les principes clés de la pratique, afin de favoriser à la fois une qualité élevée des soins et une prise de décision pleinement informée et centrée sur le patient.

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          Most cited references7

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          Cardiovascular Risk Reduction with Icosapent Ethyl for Hypertriglyceridemia

          Patients with elevated triglyceride levels are at increased risk for ischemic events. Icosapent ethyl, a highly purified eicosapentaenoic acid ethyl ester, lowers triglyceride levels, but data are needed to determine its effects on ischemic events.
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            Ezetimibe Added to Statin Therapy after Acute Coronary Syndromes.

            Statin therapy reduces low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels and the risk of cardiovascular events, but whether the addition of ezetimibe, a nonstatin drug that reduces intestinal cholesterol absorption, can reduce the rate of cardiovascular events further is not known.
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              2021 Canadian Cardiovascular Society Guidelines for the Management of Dyslipidemia for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease in the Adult

              The 2021 guidelines primary panel selected clinically relevant questions and produced updated recommendations, on the basis of important new findings that have emerged since the 2016 guidelines. In patients with clinical atherosclerosis, abdominal aortic aneurysm, most patients with diabetes or chronic kidney disease, and those with low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ≥ 5 mmol/L, statin therapy continues to be recommended. We have introduced the concept of lipid/lipoprotein treatment thresholds for intensifying lipid-lowering therapy with nonstatin agents, and have identified the secondary prevention patients who have been shown to derive the largest benefit from intensification of therapy with these agents. For all other patients, we emphasize risk assessment linked to lipid/lipoprotein evaluation to optimize clinical decision-making. Lipoprotein(a) measurement is now recommended once in a patient's lifetime, as part of initial lipid screening to assess cardiovascular risk. For any patient with triglycerides ˃ 1.5 mmol/L, either non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol or apolipoprotein B are the preferred lipid parameter for screening, rather than low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. We provide updated recommendations regarding the role of coronary artery calcium scoring as a clinical decision tool to aid the decision to initiate statin therapy. There are new recommendations on the preventative care of women with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. Health behaviour modification, including regular exercise and a heart-healthy diet, remain the cornerstone of cardiovascular disease prevention. These guidelines are intended to provide a platform for meaningful conversation and shared-decision making between patient and care provider, so that individual decisions can be made for risk screening, assessment, and treatment.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                CJC Open
                CJC Open
                CJC Open
                Elsevier
                2589-790X
                21 June 2024
                October 2024
                21 June 2024
                : 6
                : 10
                : 1189-1198
                Affiliations
                [a ]Centre for Cardiovascular Innovation, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
                [b ]University of Alberta, Department of Medicine; and Division of Cardiology, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
                [c ]Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
                [d ]Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, Quebec, Canada
                [e ]Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
                [f ]Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
                [g ]McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
                [h ]Université de Montréal, Institut de Cardiologie de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
                [i ]Department of Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
                [j ]St. Michael’s Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
                [k ]Departments of Medicine and Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
                [l ]Department of Medicine and Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
                [m ]Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
                [n ]Fraser Street Medical Clinic, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
                [o ]Department of Cardiology, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec-Université Laval, Laval, Quebec, Canada
                [p ]Department of Nutritional Sciences and Department of Medicine, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Medicine and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute and Toronto 3D Knowledge Synthesis and Clinical Trials Unit, Clinical Nutriton and Risk Factor Modification Centre, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
                [q ]Crowfoot Village Family Practice, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
                Author notes
                []Corresponding author: Dr G.B. John Mancini, Room 9111, Diamond Centre, 2775 Laurel St, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1M9, Canada. Tel.: +1-604-875-5477; fax.: 604-875-5471. mancini@ 123456mail.ubc.ca
                Article
                S2589-790X(24)00256-7
                10.1016/j.cjco.2024.06.006
                11544166
                0ee94e71-7482-4947-a0b7-cb8f83332892
                © 2024 The Authors

                This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

                History
                : 4 June 2024
                : 17 June 2024
                Categories
                Prevention
                Quality Improvement

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