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      Vitamin C restores ovarian follicular reservation in a mouse model of aging

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          Abstract

          Ovarian aging is related to the reduction of oocyte quality and ovarian follicles reservation leading to infertility. Vitamin C is a natural antioxidant which may counteract with adverse effects of aging in the ovary. The aim of this study was to evaluate the possible effect of vitamin C on NMRI mice ovarian aging according to the stereological study. In this experimental study, 36 adult female mice (25–30 g) were divided into two groups: control and vitamin C. Vitamin C (150 mg/kg/day) were administered by oral gavage for 33 weeks. Six animals of each group were sacrificed on week 8, 12, and 33, and right ovary samples were extracted for stereology analysis. Our data showed that the total volume of ovary, cortex, medulla and corpus luteum were significantly increased in vitamin C group in comparison to the control groups ( P≤0.05). In addition, the total number of primordial, primary, secondary, and antral follicles as well as granulosa cells were improved in vitamin C group in compared to the control groups ( P≤0.05). No significant difference was observed in total volume of oocytes in antral follicles between control and vitamin C groups. Our data showed that vitamin C could notably compensate undesirable effects of ovarian aging in a mouse model.

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          Some new, simple and efficient stereological methods and their use in pathological research and diagnosis.

          H J Gundersen, T Bendtsen, L Korbo … (1988)
          Stereology is a set of simple and efficient methods for quantitation of three-dimensional microscopic structures which is specifically tuned to provide reliable data from sections. Within the last few years, a number of new methods has been developed which are of special interest to pathologists. Methods for estimating the volume, surface area and length of any structure are described in this review. The principles on which stereology is based and the necessary sampling procedures are described and illustrated with examples. The necessary equipment, the measurements, and the calculations are invariably simple and easy.
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            Ovarian aging: mechanisms and clinical consequences.

            F. Broekmans, M Soules, B. C. Fauser (2009)
            Menopause is the final step in the process referred to as ovarian ageing. The age related decrease in follicle numbers dictates the onset of cycle irregularity and the final cessation of menses. The parallel decay in oocyte quality contributes to the gradual decline in fertility and the final occurrence of natural sterility. Endocrine changes mainly relate to the decline in the negative feedback from ovarian factors at the hypothalamo-pituitary unit. The declining cohort of antral follicles with age first results in gradually elevated FSH levels, followed by subsequent stages of overt cycle irregularity. The gradual decline in the size of the antral follicle cohort is best represented by decreasing levels of anti-Mullerian hormone. The variability of ovarian ageing among women is evident from the large variation in age at menopause. The identification of women who have severely decreased ovarian reserve for their age is clinically relevant. Ovarian reserve tests have appeared to be fairly accurate in predicting response to ovarian stimulation in the assisted reproductive technology (ART) setting. The capacity to predict the chances for spontaneous pregnancy or pregnancy after ART appears very limited. As menopause and the preceding decline in oocyte quality seem to have a fixed time interval, tests that predict the age at menopause may be useful to assess individual reproductive lifespan. Especially genetic studies, both addressing candidate gene and genome wide association, have identified several interesting loci of small genetic variation that may determine fetal follicle pool development and subsequent wastage of his pool over time. Improved knowledge of the ovarian ageing mechanisms may ultimately provide tools for prediction of menopause and manipulation of the early steps of folliculogenesis for the purpose of contraception and fertility lifespan extension.
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              Free radical theory of aging: an update: increasing the functional life span.

              Christine Harman (2006)
              Aging is the progressive accumulation of diverse, deleterious changes with time that increase the chance of disease and death. The basic chemical process underlying aging was first advanced by the free radical theory of aging (FRTA) in 1954: the reaction of active free radicals, normally produced in the organisms, with cellular constituents initiates the changes associated with aging. The involvement of free radicals in aging is related to their key role in the origin and evolution of life. Aging changes are commonly attributed to development, genetic defects, the environment, disease, and an inborn aging process (IAP). The latter produces aging changes at an exponentially increasing rate with age, becoming the major risk factor for disease and death for humans after the age of 28 years in the developed countries. In them the IAP limits human average life expectancy at birth (ALE-B)--a rough measure of the healthy life span--to about 85 years; few reach 100 years and only one is known to have lived to 122 years. In these countries, improvements in living conditions (ILC) have gradually raised ALE-Bs to 76-79 years, 6-9 years less than the limit imposed by aging, with no change in the maximum life span (MLS). The extensive studies based on the FRTA hold promise that ALE-B and the MLS can be extended, the ALE-B possibly by a few years, and the MLS somewhat less.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Anat Cell Biol
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Anat Cell Biol
                Journal ID (publisher-id): ACB
                Title: Anatomy & Cell Biology
                Publisher: Korean Association of Anatomists
                ISSN (Print): 2093-3665
                ISSN (Electronic): 2093-3673
                Publication date (Print): June 2019
                Publication date (Electronic): 30 June 2019
                Volume: 52
                Issue: 2
                Pages: 196-203
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Biology and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
                [2 ]Abnormal Uterine Bleeding Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran.
                [3 ]School of Nursing and Midwifery, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
                [4 ]Department of Anatomical Sciences & Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
                Author notes
                Corresponding author: Shabnam Abdi. Department of Anatomical Sciences & Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Khaghani St, Shariati Ave., Tehran 1916893813, Iran. Tel: +98-22006660, Fax: +98-2200661, sh.abdi@ 123456iautmu.ac.ir , shabnam.abdi62@ 123456yahoo.com
                Article
                DOI: 10.5115/acb.2019.52.2.196
                PMC ID: 6624328
                PubMed ID: 31338237
                SO-VID: 0e202fbb-249c-4656-94f0-56b8eca65b8e
                Copyright © Copyright © 2019. Anatomy & Cell Biology
                License:

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 04 October 2018
                Date revision received : 19 December 2018
                Date accepted : 03 January 2019
                Categories
                Subject: Original Article
                Subject: Others (Anatomy Technique)

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Cell biology
                Keywords: aging,follicular reserve,ovary,vitamin c
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Cell biology
                Keywords: aging, follicular reserve, ovary, vitamin c

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