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      Can one “prove” that a harmful event was preventable? Conceptualizing and addressing epistemological puzzles in postincident reviews and investigations

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      Risk, Hazards & Crisis in Public Policy
      Wiley

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          Abstract

          A growing part of the literature on crises, disasters, and policy failures focuses on the design, conduct, and impact of postincident reviews or inquiries, particularly whether the right lessons are identified and subsequently learned. However, such accounts underappreciate the specific challenge posed by epistemic puzzles, under what conditions their difficulty may vary, and which strategies could help to solve them. Drawing on insights from a wide range of cases, the article identifies hindsight bias, counterfactual reasoning, and root‐cause analysis as core components creating an epistemic triangle of inquiry puzzling. It advances four propositions about the conditions that help or hinder investigators' capacity to produce sound knowledge and concludes by setting out potential strategies that investigators can use to fully address or at least mitigate these epistemic challenges.

          摘要

          关于危机、灾害和政策失败的文献越来越多地聚焦于事后审视或调查的设计、实施及影响,特别聚焦于是否识别并学习了正确的经验教训。然而,这些解释低估了认知难题所带来的具体挑战,在什么条件下挑战的难度可能会有所不同,以及哪些策略能帮助解决挑战。基于一系列广泛案例的见解,本文将后视偏差、反事实推理和根本原因分析这三者确定为“探究难题”认知三角的核心组成部分。本文就“关于帮助或阻碍调查人员产生良好知识的条件”提出了四个命题,并在结论处为调查人员提供一系列潜在策略,用于解决或至少减轻这些认知挑战。

          Resumen

          Una parte cada vez mayor de la literatura sobre crisis, desastres y fallas de políticas se centra en el diseño, la realización y el impacto de las revisiones o investigaciones posteriores al incidente, en particular si se identifican las lecciones correctas y se aprenden posteriormente. Sin embargo, tales relatos subestiman el desafío específico que plantean los acertijos epistémicos, en qué condiciones puede variar su dificultad y qué estrategias podrían ayudar a resolverlos. Basándose en ideas de una amplia gama de casos, el artículo identifica el sesgo retrospectivo, el razonamiento contrafactual y el análisis de la causa raíz como componentes centrales que crean un triángulo epistémico de investigación desconcertante. Avanza cuatro proposiciones sobre las condiciones que ayudan o dificultan la capacidad de los investigadores para producir conocimiento sólido y concluye estableciendo estrategias potenciales que los investigadores pueden usar para abordar o al menos mitigar estos desafíos epistémicos.

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          Most cited references52

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          The Politics of Crisis Management

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            Costs and benefits of judgment errors: Implications for debiasing.

            Hal Arkes (1991)
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              Failing Forward? The Euro Crisis and the Incomplete Nature of European Integration

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                (View ORCID Profile)
                Journal
                Risk, Hazards & Crisis in Public Policy
                Risk Hazard & Crisis Pub Pol
                Wiley
                1944-4079
                1944-4079
                September 10 2023
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Department of European and International Studies King's College London London UK
                Article
                10.1002/rhc3.12281
                0df797ce-8eec-41c6-8163-ff4d40a3bb82
                © 2023

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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