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      Efecto de Methylobacterium extorquens en el desarrollo del tomate en presencia o ausencia de Fusarium oxysporum Translated title: Effect of Methylobacterium extorquens on tomato development in the presence or absence of Fusarium oxysporum

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          Abstract

          Resumen La marchitez del tomate (Fusarium oxysporum) promueve el uso desmedido de fungicidas sintéticos, que no son económica ni ambientalmente viables. Este trabajo plantea el uso de Methylobacterium extorquens para determinar su efecto sobre el desarrollo vegetal y la vía de señalización, para la defensa de plantas de jitomate, contra fitopatógenos. A partir, de semillas de tomate var. SUN 7705 embebidas y plantas asperjadas con la bacteria a una concentración de 109 UFC mL-1, se retó a la planta con el hongo en dos ensayos. Se midieron variables de longitud de raíz en plántulas, altura de la planta, amplitud foliar, rendimiento, peso seco total de la planta y peso seco de la raíz. Se utilizó un diseño completamente al azar con seis tratamientos y cuatro repeticiones, dos plantas formaron la unidad experimental. Asimismo, se realizó un ensayo sobre la expresión de genes de defensa, en plántulas de tomate de la misma variedad. Se encontraron diferencias estadísticas significativas (p≤ 0.05) entre tratamientos embebidos y asperjados con M. extorquens y los tratamientos inoculados con F. oxysporum y los controles, reflejándose en la longitud de raíz de plántulas, altura de la planta, amplitud foliar, peso seco de la planta y de la raíz, así como en el rendimiento. Sin embargo, los genes que codifican para el grupo enzimático fenilalanina amonio liasa (PAL), proteínas (PR-6), superóxido dismutasa (SOD) y lipoxigenasa (LOX), no se expresaron significativamente en las plántulas tratadas con M. extorquens.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract The wilting of tomato (Fusarium oxysporum) promotes the excessive use of synthetic fungicides, which are not economically or environmentally viable. This work proposes the use of Methylobacterium extorquens to determine its effect on plant development and the signaling pathway, for the defense of tomato plants, against phytopathogens. From tomato seeds var. SUN 7705 embedded and plants sprinkled with the bacteria at a concentration of 109 CFU mL-1, were challenged to the plant with the fungus in two tests. Variables of root length in seedlings, plant height, leaf amplitude, yield, total dry weight of the plant and dry root weight were measured. A completely randomized design with six treatments and four repetitions was used, two plants formed the experimental unit. Likewise, an essay was carried out on the expression of defense genes, in tomato seedlings of the same variety. Significant statistical differences (p≤ 0.05) were found between treatments embedded and sprinkled with M. extorquens and the treatments inoculated with F. oxysporum and the controls, reflecting in the seedling root length, plant height, leaf amplitude, dry weight of the plant and the root, as well as in the yield. However, the genes encoding the phenylalanine ammonium lyase (PAL), protein (PR-6), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and lipoxygenase (LOX) enzyme group, were not significantly expressed in seedlings treated with M. extorquens.

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          Most cited references22

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          Plant growth-promoting Methylobacterium induces defense responses in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) compared with rot pathogens.

          This study, framed in two different phases, studied the plant-growth promotion and the induction of systemic resistance in groundnut by Methylobacterium. Seed imbibition with Methylobacterium sp. increased germination by 19.5% compared with controls. Combined inoculation of Methylobacterium sp. with Rhizobium sp. also significantly increased plant growth, nodulation, and yield attributes in groundnut compared with individual inoculation of Rhizobium sp. Methylobacterium sp. challenge-inoculated with Aspergillus niger/Sclerotium rolfsii in groundnut significantly enhanced germination percentage and seedling vigour and showed increased phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), beta-1,3-glucanase, and peroxidase (PO) activities. Under pot-culture conditions, in Methylobacterium sp. seed-treated groundnut plants challenge-inoculated with A. niger/S. rolfsii through foliar sprays on day 30, the activities of enzymes PO, PAL, and beta-1,3-glucanase increased constantly from 24 to 72 hours, after which decreased activity was noted. Five isozymes of polyphenol oxidase and PO could be detected in Methylobacterium-treated plants challenged with A. niger/S. rolfsii. Induced systemic resistance activity in groundnut against rot pathogens in response to methylotrophic bacteria suggests the possibility that pink-pigmented facultative methylotrophic bacteria might be used as a means of biologic disease control.
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            Biotechnological and Agronomic Potential of Endophytic Pink-Pigmented Methylotrophic Methylobacterium spp.

            The genus Methylobacterium is composed of pink-pigmented facultative methylotrophic (PPFM) bacteria, which are able to synthesize carotenoids and grow on reduced organic compounds containing one carbon (C1), such as methanol and methylamine. Due to their high phenotypic plasticity, these bacteria are able to colonize different habitats, such as soil, water, and sediment, and different host plants as both endophytes and epiphytes. In plant colonization, the frequency and distribution may be influenced by plant genotype or by interactions with other associated microorganisms, which may result in increasing plant fitness. In this review, different aspects of interactions with the host plant are discussed, including their capacity to fix nitrogen, nodule the host plant, produce cytokinins, auxin and enzymes involved in the induction of systemic resistance, such as pectinase and cellulase, and therefore plant growth promotion. In addition, bacteria belonging to this group can be used to reduce environmental contamination because they are able to degrade toxic compounds, tolerate high heavy metal concentrations, and increase plant tolerance to these compounds. Moreover, genome sequencing and omics approaches have revealed genes related to plant-bacteria interactions that may be important for developing strains able to promote plant growth and protection against phytopathogens.
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              Methylotrophic metabolism is advantageous for Methylobacterium extorquens during colonization of Medicago truncatula under competitive conditions.

              Facultative methylotrophic bacteria of the genus Methylobacterium are commonly found in association with plants. Inoculation experiments were performed to study the importance of methylotrophic metabolism for colonization of the model legume Medicago truncatula. Competition experiments with Methylobacterium extorquens wild-type strain AM1 and methylotrophy mutants revealed that the ability to use methanol as a carbon and energy source provides a selective advantage during colonization of M. truncatula. Differences in the fitness of mutants defective in different stages of methylotrophic metabolism were found; whereas approximately 25% of the mutant incapable of oxidizing methanol to formaldehyde (deficient in methanol dehydrogenase) was recovered, 10% or less of the mutants incapable of oxidizing formaldehyde to CO2 (defective in biosynthesis of the cofactor tetrahydromethanopterin) was recovered. Interestingly, impaired fitness of the mutant strains compared with the wild type was found on leaves and roots. Single-inoculation experiments showed, however, that mutants with defects in methylotrophy were capable of plant colonization at the wild-type level, indicating that methanol is not the only carbon source that is accessible to Methylobacterium while it is associated with plants. Fluorescence microscopy with a green fluorescent protein-labeled derivative of M. extorquens AM1 revealed that the majority of the bacterial cells on leaves were on the surface and that the cells were most abundant on the lower, abaxial side. However, bacterial cells were also found in the intercellular spaces inside the leaves, especially in the epidermal cell layer and immediately underneath this layer.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                remexca
                Revista mexicana de ciencias agrícolas
                Rev. Mex. Cienc. Agríc
                Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias (Texcoco, Estado de México, Mexico )
                2007-0934
                November 2019
                : 10
                : 7
                : 1469-1479
                Affiliations
                [1] Jiquilpan de Juárez orgnameInstituto Politécnico Nacional orgdiv1CIIDIR orgdiv2Unidad Michoacán Mexico
                [2] Zapopan Jalisco orgnameUniversidad de Guadalajara orgdiv1Departamento de Producción Agrícola orgdiv2CUCBA Mexico
                Article
                S2007-09342019000701469 S2007-0934(19)01000701469
                10.29312/remexca.v10i7.644
                0dab8da6-e9f2-4d1c-871a-61030ddb6121

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 01 September 2019
                : 01 July 2019
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 22, Pages: 11
                Product

                SciELO Mexico

                Categories
                Artículos

                Fusarium,Methylobacterium extorquens,Solanum lycopersicum,biological control,Oxysporum,control biológico

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