Can the supplementation of vitamin D, sun exposure, and isolation during the COVID-19 pandemic affect the seasonal concentration of 25(OH)D and selected blood parameters among young soccer players in a one-year training season?

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ABSTRACT

Objective

This study examined the effect of vitamin D supplementation, sunlight radiationradiation, and home isolation during the COVID-19 pandemic on the seasonal changes in 25(OH)D concentration and selected biomarkers in young soccer players along a one-year training cycle.

Method

Forty elite young soccer players (age: 17.2 ± 1.16 years, body mass: 70.2 ± 5.84, and body height: 179.1 ± 4.26 cm) participated in the research. Only 24 players completed the measurements during all four time- points (T1-: September 2019, T2-: December 2019, T3-: May 2020, and T4-: August 2020) and were divided into two subgroups: supplemented group (GS) and placebo group (GP). Players from GS received 5,000 IU of vitamin D for 8 weeks (January-MarchJanuary–March 2020). Several biomarkers such as 25(OH)D, white blood cells (WBC), red blood cells (RBC), hemoglobin (HGB), muscle damage markersmarkers, and lipid profile were measured.

Results

AnalysisThe analysis of the total group demonstrated significant seasonal changes in 25(OH)D, HGB, asparagine aminotransferaseaminotransferase, and creatine kinase along the one1-year training cycle. The level of 25(OH)D concentrationinconcentration in T4 was significantly ( p < 0.001, pη [ = 0.82) higher in both subgroups in comparison to T2 and T3. Moreover, the significant ( p = 0.023) but poor ( r = −0.23) correlation between 25(OH)D and WBC was calculated.

Conclusion

Current research confirmed the significant seasonal changes in 25(OH)D concentration during four seasons. 8-weekEight-week vitamin D supplementation had no extended effect on the level of 25(OH)D concentration.

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Most cited references 60

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Evaluation, treatment, and prevention of vitamin D deficiency: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline.

Michael Holick, Neil C Binkley, Heike Bischoff-Ferrari … (2011)

The objective was to provide guidelines to clinicians for the evaluation, treatment, and prevention of vitamin D deficiency with an emphasis on the care of patients who are at risk for deficiency. The Task Force was composed of a Chair, six additional experts, and a methodologist. The Task Force received no corporate funding or remuneration. Consensus was guided by systematic reviews of evidence and discussions during several conference calls and e-mail communications. The draft prepared by the Task Force was reviewed successively by The Endocrine Society's Clinical Guidelines Subcommittee, Clinical Affairs Core Committee, and cosponsoring associations, and it was posted on The Endocrine Society web site for member review. At each stage of review, the Task Force received written comments and incorporated needed changes. Considering that vitamin D deficiency is very common in all age groups and that few foods contain vitamin D, the Task Force recommended supplementation at suggested daily intake and tolerable upper limit levels, depending on age and clinical circumstances. The Task Force also suggested the measurement of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level by a reliable assay as the initial diagnostic test in patients at risk for deficiency. Treatment with either vitamin D(2) or vitamin D(3) was recommended for deficient patients. At the present time, there is not sufficient evidence to recommend screening individuals who are not at risk for deficiency or to prescribe vitamin D to attain the noncalcemic benefit for cardiovascular protection.

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Is vitamin D deficiency a major global public health problem?

Cristina Palacios, Lilliana González (2014)

Vitamin D deficiency is a major public health problem worldwide in all age groups, even in those residing in countries with low latitude, where it was generally assumed that UV radiation was adequate enough to prevent this deficiency, and in industrialized countries, where vitamin D fortification has been implemented now for years. However, most countries are still lacking data, particularly population representative data, with very limited information in infants, children, adolescents and pregnant women. Since the number of recent publications is escalating, with a broadening of the geographic diversity, the objective of the present report was to conduct a more recent systematic review of global vitamin D status, with particular emphasis in at risk groups. A systematic review was conducted in PubMed/Medline in April-June 2013 to identify articles on vitamin D status worldwide published in the last 10 years in apparently healthy individuals. Only studies with vitamin D status prevalence were included. If available, the first source selected was population-based or representative samples studies. Clinical trials, case-control studies, case reports or series, reviews, validation studies, letters, editorials, or qualitative studies were excluded. A total of 103 articles were eligible and included in the present report. Maps were created for each age group, providing an updated overview of global vitamin D status. In areas with available data, the prevalence of low vitamin D status is a global problem in all age groups, in particular in girls and women from the Middle East. These maps also evidenced the regions with missing data for each specific population groups. There is striking lack of data in infants, children and adolescents worldwide, and in most countries of South America and Africa. In conclusion, vitamin D deficiency is a global public health problem in all age groups, particularly in those from the Middle East. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled '16th Vitamin D Workshop'. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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Is Open Access

Sunlight and Vitamin D

Matthias Wacker, Michael Holick (2013)

Vitamin D is the sunshine vitamin that has been produced on this earth for more than 500 million years. During exposure to sunlight 7-dehydrocholesterol in the skin absorbs UV B radiation and is converted to previtamin D3 which in turn isomerizes into vitamin D3. Previtamin D3 and vitamin D3 also absorb UV B radiation and are converted into a variety of photoproducts some of which have unique biologic properties. Sun induced vitamin D synthesis is greatly influenced by season, time of day, latitude, altitude, air pollution, skin pigmentation, sunscreen use, passing through glass and plastic, and aging. Vitamin D is metabolized sequentially in the liver and kidneys into 25-hydroxyvitamin D which is a major circulating form and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D which is the biologically active form respectively. 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D plays an important role in regulating calcium and phosphate metabolism for maintenance of metabolic functions and for skeletal health. Most cells and organs in the body have a vitamin D receptor and many cells and organs are able to produce 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D. As a result 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D influences a large number of biologic pathways which may help explain association studies relating vitamin D deficiency and living at higher latitudes with increased risk for many chronic diseases including autoimmune diseases, some cancers, cardiovascular disease, infectious disease, schizophrenia and type 2 diabetes. A three-part strategy of increasing food fortification programs with vitamin D, sensible sun exposure recommendations and encouraging ingestion of a vitamin D supplement when needed should be implemented to prevent global vitamin D deficiency and its negative health consequences.

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Author and article information

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): J Int Soc Sports Nutr

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): J Int Soc Sports Nutr

Title: Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition

Publisher: Routledge

ISSN (Electronic): 1550-2783

Publication date (Electronic, pub): 3 May 2023

Publication date (Electronic, collection): 2023

Publication date PMC-release: 3 May 2023

Volume: 20

Issue: 1

Electronic Location Identifier: 2206802

Affiliations

[a ]Diabetology and Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Gdansk Medical University; , Department of Pediatrics, Gdansk, Poland

[b ]Department of Health and Natural Sciences, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport; , Department of Health and Natural Sciences, Gdansk, Poland

[c ]Division of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Department of Public Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Murcia; , Division of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Department of Public Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Murcia, Spain

[d ]Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, McMaster University; , Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Hamilton, ON, Canada

[e ]Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich; , Institute of Primary Care, Zurich, Switzerland

[f ]Medbase St. Gallen Am Vadianplatz; , St. Gallen, Switzerland

Author notes

CONTACT Beat Knechtle beat.knechtle@ 123456hispeed.ch Medbase St. Gallen Am Vadianplatz Vadianstrasse 26, 9001 St. Gallen, Switzerland

Author information

Beat Knechtle https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2412-9103

Article

Publisher ID: 2206802

DOI: 10.1080/15502783.2023.2206802

PMC ID: 10158564

PubMed ID: 37132382

SO-VID: 0d6515d7-e2f8-4f61-9513-a54555db0cee

License:

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The terms on which this article has been published allow the posting of the Accepted Manuscript in a repository by the author(s) or with their consent.

Can the supplementation of vitamin D, sun exposure, and isolation during the COVID-19 pandemic affect the seasonal concentration of 25(OH)D and selected blood parameters among young soccer players in a one-year training season?

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Novel Coronavirus Disease COVID-19

Most cited references 60

Evaluation, treatment, and prevention of vitamin D deficiency: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline.

Is vitamin D deficiency a major global public health problem?

Sunlight and Vitamin D

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