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      Binary and Non-binary Gender Identities, Internalizing Problems, and Treatment Wishes Among Adolescents Referred to a Gender Identity Clinic in Germany

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          Abstract

          Clinical research on transgender and gender-nonconforming (TGNC) adolescents has focused on binary individuals or often not differentiated among gender identities. Recent studies suggest that a considerable proportion of TGNC adolescents identify as non-binary and that these youth report more internalizing problems as well as different transition-related medical treatment wishes than binary adolescents. However, the results are inconclusive, and data for the German-speaking area are lacking. Therefore, the present study aimed to assess the percentage of binary and non-binary gender identities in a German sample of clinically referred TGNC adolescents and examine associations of gender identity with internalizing problems and transition-related medical treatment wishes. The sample consisted of 369 adolescents (11–18 years, M age = 15.43; 305 birth-assigned female, 64 birth-assigned male) who attended the Hamburg Gender Identity Service for children and adolescents (Hamburg GIS) between 2013 and 2019. Gender identity and treatment wishes were assessed using study-specific items and internalizing problems using the Youth Self-Report. In total, 90% ( n = 332) of the sample identified as binary and 10% ( n = 37) as non-binary. Having a non-binary gender identity was significantly associated with more internalizing problems and with wishing for no transition-related medical treatment or only puberty-suppressing hormones. The results underscore that non-binary adolescents represent a specifically vulnerable subgroup within TGNC adolescents with unique mental health needs and treatment wishes. Future research should differentiate among various gender identities. In clinical practice, it is crucial to create an inclusive space for non-binary youth and provide mental health care if needed.

          Supplementary Information

          The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10508-023-02674-8.

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          Prejudice, social stress, and mental health in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations: conceptual issues and research evidence.

          Ilan Meyer (2003)
          In this article the author reviews research evidence on the prevalence of mental disorders in lesbians, gay men, and bisexuals (LGBs) and shows, using meta-analyses, that LGBs have a higher prevalence of mental disorders than heterosexuals. The author offers a conceptual framework for understanding this excess in prevalence of disorder in terms of minority stress--explaining that stigma, prejudice, and discrimination create a hostile and stressful social environment that causes mental health problems. The model describes stress processes, including the experience of prejudice events, expectations of rejection, hiding and concealing, internalized homophobia, and ameliorative coping processes. This conceptual framework is the basis for the review of research evidence, suggestions for future research directions, and exploration of public policy implications.
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            A conceptual framework for clinical work with transgender and gender nonconforming clients: An adaptation of the Minority Stress Model.

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              Inference by eye: confidence intervals and how to read pictures of data.

              Wider use in psychology of confidence intervals (CIs), especially as error bars in figures, is a desirable development. However, psychologists seldom use CIs and may not understand them well. The authors discuss the interpretation of figures with error bars and analyze the relationship between CIs and statistical significance testing. They propose 7 rules of eye to guide the inferential use of figures with error bars. These include general principles: Seek bars that relate directly to effects of interest, be sensitive to experimental design, and interpret the intervals. They also include guidelines for inferential interpretation of the overlap of CIs on independent group means. Wider use of interval estimation in psychology has the potential to improve research communication substantially. ((c) 2005 APA, all rights reserved).
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                le.herrmann@uke.de
                Journal
                Arch Sex Behav
                Arch Sex Behav
                Archives of Sexual Behavior
                Springer US (New York )
                0004-0002
                1573-2800
                10 August 2023
                10 August 2023
                2024
                : 53
                : 1
                : 91-106
                Affiliations
                Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, ( https://ror.org/01zgy1s35) Martinistraße 52, W29, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7703-292X
                Article
                2674
                10.1007/s10508-023-02674-8
                10794330
                37563319
                0d320434-67a0-4040-b89f-308d1018948c
                © The Author(s) 2023

                Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

                History
                : 27 April 2022
                : 20 July 2023
                : 21 July 2023
                Funding
                Funded by: Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE) (5411)
                Categories
                Original Paper
                Custom metadata
                © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2024

                Sexual medicine
                non-binary,transgender,gender dysphoria,internalizing problems
                Sexual medicine
                non-binary, transgender, gender dysphoria, internalizing problems

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