Preconceito racial em crianças: Identificação e pertença grupal <span class="so-article-trans-title" dir="auto"> Translated title: Racial prejudice in children: Group identification and group membership </span>

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Abstract

De acordo com a Teoria da Identidade Social, basta tornar saliente a pertença de um indivíduo a uma categoria/grupo social para que existam enviesamentos endogrupais e discriminação face a membros de outros grupos. O presente estudo procurou analisar a existência de diferenças no preconceito racial (face a negros, mulatos e brancos) em função da identidade étnica (autocategorização e avaliação emocional da pertença), bem como a relação existente com as variáveis contacto interétnico e distância social. Participaram neste estudo 258 crianças do 2.º ciclo de 4 escolas públicas portuguesas, que se autocategorizaram como brancas e mulatas. Os principais resultados parecem indicar que o preconceito subtil é diferente consoante o nível da componente afetiva da identidade étnica, que o contacto interétnico se relaciona com menores níveis de preconceito subtil e flagrante e que existem diferenças no contacto interétnico e distância social por grupo de autocategorização.

Translated abstract

According to Social Identity Theory emphasizing the belonging of an individual to a category / social group it is enough to foster ingroup bias and discrimination against members of other groups. The present study aims to analyze the differences between racial prejudice (against black, mulatto and white) according to ethnic identity (in terms of self-categorization and emotional evaluations of belonging) and also it’s relation with the interethnic contact and social distance variables. A total of 258 children from 5th and 6th grades of 4 Portuguese public schools, selfcategorizated as white or mulatto, participated in the study. The main results seem to suggest that subtle prejudice is different depending on the level of the affective component of ethnic identity, interethnic contact relates to lower levels of subtle and blatant prejudice, and that there are differences in interethnic contact and social distance per group of selfcategorization.

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A meta-analytic test of intergroup contact theory.

Thomas Pettigrew, Linda Tropp (2006)

The present article presents a meta-analytic test of intergroup contact theory. With 713 independent samples from 515 studies, the meta-analysis finds that intergroup contact typically reduces intergroup prejudice. Multiple tests indicate that this finding appears not to result from either participant selection or publication biases, and the more rigorous studies yield larger mean effects. These contact effects typically generalize to the entire outgroup, and they emerge across a broad range of outgroup targets and contact settings. Similar patterns also emerge for samples with racial or ethnic targets and samples with other targets. This result suggests that contact theory, devised originally for racial and ethnic encounters, can be extended to other groups. A global indicator of Allport's optimal contact conditions demonstrates that contact under these conditions typically leads to even greater reduction in prejudice. Closer examination demonstrates that these conditions are best conceptualized as an interrelated bundle rather than as independent factors. Further, the meta-analytic findings indicate that these conditions are not essential for prejudice reduction. Hence, future work should focus on negative factors that prevent intergroup contact from diminishing prejudice as well as the development of a more comprehensive theory of intergroup contact. Copyright 2006 APA.