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      Breastfeeding moderates FTO related adiposity: a birth cohort study with 30 years of follow-up

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          Abstract

          This study assessed the association of breastfeeding with body composition at 30 years, among subjects who have been prospectively followed since birth in a southern Brazilian city. We also evaluated whether breastfeeding moderated the association between the rs9939609 variant in the FTO gene and adiposity. At 30 years, total and predominant breastfeeding were positively associated with lean mass index and inversely with visceral fat thickness. Among subjects breastfed for <1 month, all outcomes showed monotonically increasing values with additional copies of the A allele in the FTO genotype (rs9939609). Associations among subjects breastfed for one month or longer tended to be in the same direction but showed lower magnitude and were less consistent; for all outcomes. Interactions had p values ≤ 0.05 for body mass index, fat mass index and waist circumference. Even among young adults, breastfeeding moderates the association between the FTO variant rs9939609 and body composition.

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          Breastfeeding and child cognitive development: new evidence from a large randomized trial.

          Michael S Kramer (2008)
          The evidence that breastfeeding improves cognitive development is based almost entirely on observational studies and is thus prone to confounding by subtle behavioral differences in the breastfeeding mother's behavior or her interaction with the infant. To assess whether prolonged and exclusive breastfeeding improves children's cognitive ability at age 6.5 years. Cluster-randomized trial, with enrollment from June 17, 1996, to December 31, 1997, and follow-up from December 21, 2002, to April 27, 2005. Thirty-one Belarussian maternity hospitals and their affiliated polyclinics. A total of 17,046 healthy breastfeeding infants were enrolled, of whom 13,889 (81.5%) were followed up at age 6.5 years. Breastfeeding promotion intervention modeled on the Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative by the World Health Organization and UNICEF. Subtest and IQ scores on the Wechsler Abbreviated Scales of Intelligence, and teacher evaluations of academic performance in reading, writing, mathematics, and other subjects. The experimental intervention led to a large increase in exclusive breastfeeding at age 3 months (43.3% for the experimental group vs 6.4% for the control group; P < .001) and a significantly higher prevalence of any breastfeeding at all ages up to and including 12 months. The experimental group had higher means on all of the Wechsler Abbreviated Scales of Intelligence measures, with cluster-adjusted mean differences (95% confidence intervals) of +7.5 (+0.8 to +14.3) for verbal IQ, +2.9 (-3.3 to +9.1) for performance IQ, and +5.9 (-1.0 to +12.8) for full-scale IQ. Teachers' academic ratings were significantly higher in the experimental group for both reading and writing. These results, based on the largest randomized trial ever conducted in the area of human lactation, provide strong evidence that prolonged and exclusive breastfeeding improves children's cognitive development. isrctn.org Identifier: ISRCTN37687716.
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            An obesity-associated FTO gene variant and increased energy intake in children.

            Joanne Cecil, Roger Tavendale, Peter Watt … (2008)
            Variation in the fat mass and obesity-associated (FTO) gene has provided the most robust associations with common obesity to date. However, the role of FTO variants in modulating specific components of energy balance is unknown. We studied 2726 Scottish children, 4 to 10 years of age, who underwent genotyping for FTO variant rs9939609 and were measured for height and weight. A subsample of 97 children was examined for possible association of the FTO variant with adiposity, energy expenditure, and food intake. In the total study group and the subsample, the A allele of rs9939609 was associated with increased weight (P=0.003 and P=0.049, respectively) and body-mass index (P=0.003 and P=0.03, respectively). In the intensively phenotyped subsample, the A allele was also associated with increased fat mass (P=0.01) but not with lean mass. Although total and resting energy expenditures were increased in children with the A allele (P=0.009 and P=0.03, respectively), resting energy expenditure was identical to that predicted for the age and weight of the child, indicating that there is no defect in metabolic adaptation to obesity in persons bearing the risk-associated allele. The A allele was associated with increased energy intake (P=0.006) independently of body weight. In contrast, the weight of food ingested by children who had the allele was similar to that in children who did not have the allele (P=0.82). The FTO variant that confers a predisposition to obesity does not appear to be involved in the regulation of energy expenditure but may have a role in the control of food intake and food choice, suggesting a link to a hyperphagic phenotype or a preference for energy-dense foods. 2008 Massachusetts Medical Society
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              Avoiding the high Bonferroni penalty in genome-wide association studies.

              Xiaoyi Gao, Lewis Becker, Diane M. Becker … (2010)
              A major challenge in genome-wide association studies (GWASs) is to derive the multiple testing threshold when hypothesis tests are conducted using a large number of single nucleotide polymorphisms. Permutation tests are considered the gold standard in multiple testing adjustment in genetic association studies. However, it is computationally intensive, especially for GWASs, and can be impractical if a large number of random shuffles are used to ensure accuracy. Many researchers have developed approximation algorithms to relieve the computing burden imposed by permutation. One particularly attractive alternative to permutation is to calculate the effective number of independent tests, M(eff), which has been shown to be promising in genetic association studies. In this study, we compare recently developed M(eff) methods and validate them by the permutation test with 10,000 random shuffles using two real GWAS data sets: an Illumina 1M BeadChip and an Affymetrix GeneChip Human Mapping 500K Array Set. Our results show that the simpleM method produces the best approximation of the permutation threshold, and it does so in the shortest amount of time. We also show that M(eff) is indeed valid on a genome-wide scale in these data sets based on statistical theory and significance tests. The significance thresholds derived can provide practical guidelines for other studies using similar population samples and genotyping platforms.
              Article 0 comments Cited 117 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Bernardo Lessa Horta:
                ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9843-412X
                blhorta@gmail.com
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Sci Rep
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Sci Rep
                Title: Scientific Reports
                Publisher: Nature Publishing Group UK (London )
                ISSN (Electronic): 2045-2322
                Publication date (Electronic): 7 February 2018
                Publication date PMC-release: 7 February 2018
                Publication date Collection: 2018
                Volume: 8
                Electronic Location Identifier: 2530
                Affiliations
                [1 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2134 6519, GRID grid.411221.5, Postgradute Programme in Epidemiology, , Universidade Federal de Pelotas, ; Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul Brazil
                [2 ]ISNI 0000 0004 0602 9808, GRID grid.414596.b, Secretariat of Health Surveillance, , Ministry of Health, ; Brasilia, Brazil
                [3 ]ISNI 0000 0004 0369 9638, GRID grid.470900.a, Medical Research Council (MRC) Epidemiology Unit, , Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, ; Cambridge, England
                [4 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2296 8774, GRID grid.411965.e, Universidade Católica de Pelotas, ; Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul Brazil
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9843-412X
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3729-0710
                Article
                Publisher ID: 20939
                DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20939-4
                PMC ID: 5803210
                PubMed ID: 29416098
                SO-VID: 0cdd0a27-7ad4-4d32-9e8e-33ba56e0d53a
                Copyright © © The Author(s) 2018
                License:

                Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

                History
                Date received : 30 October 2017
                Date accepted : 26 January 2018
                Categories
                Subject: Article
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                issue-copyright-statement © The Author(s) 2018

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