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      Citizens’ health practices during the COVID -19 pandemic in Indonesia: Applying the health belief model

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          Abstract

          Background

          Understanding the health practice of Indonesian residents and its related factors during the COVID-19 pandemic is crucial, but such association necessitates clarity.

          Objective

          To examine the health practices of the Indonesian citizens and their correlations with knowledge and health belief model (perceived susceptibility, barriers, benefits, severity, and self-efficacy) during the COVID-19 pandemic.

          Methods

          A community-based online cross-sectional design was employed. The study was conducted from 10 July to 30 August 2020 among 552 citizens selected using convenience sampling. Sociodemographic characteristics, knowledge, health belief model, and health practices, including wearing a mask, social distancing, and washing hands, were measured using validated questionnaires. Adjusted odds ratios (AORs) and logistic regression were employed for data analysis.

          Results

          The adjusted AORs (95% CIs) of a good level of health practices—wearing the mask, social distancing, and washing hands—were 3.24 (1.52~6.89), 2.54 (1.47~4.39), and 2.11 (1.19~3.75), respectively, in citizens with the high level of knowledge. Interestingly, respondents with positively perceived susceptibility exhibited significantly good practice in wearing the mask (4.91; 2.34~10.31), social distancing (1.95; 1.08~3.52), and washing hands (3.99; 2.26~7.05) compared to those with negatively perceived susceptibility. In addition, perceived barriers, benefits, severity, and self-efficacy also exhibited a significantly good all variables of health practice regarding COVID-19 pandemic after adjusting for confounding variables.

          Conclusion

          Citizens with high levels of knowledge and positive levels of the health belief model had good practice of wearing masks, social distancing, and washing hands. The outcomes of this survey could encourage health professionals, including nurses, through management practices of nursing intervention based on the health belief model during the pandemic.

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          Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China

          Chaolin Huang, Yeming Wang, Xingwang Li … (2020)
          Summary Background A recent cluster of pneumonia cases in Wuhan, China, was caused by a novel betacoronavirus, the 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). We report the epidemiological, clinical, laboratory, and radiological characteristics and treatment and clinical outcomes of these patients. Methods All patients with suspected 2019-nCoV were admitted to a designated hospital in Wuhan. We prospectively collected and analysed data on patients with laboratory-confirmed 2019-nCoV infection by real-time RT-PCR and next-generation sequencing. Data were obtained with standardised data collection forms shared by WHO and the International Severe Acute Respiratory and Emerging Infection Consortium from electronic medical records. Researchers also directly communicated with patients or their families to ascertain epidemiological and symptom data. Outcomes were also compared between patients who had been admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) and those who had not. Findings By Jan 2, 2020, 41 admitted hospital patients had been identified as having laboratory-confirmed 2019-nCoV infection. Most of the infected patients were men (30 [73%] of 41); less than half had underlying diseases (13 [32%]), including diabetes (eight [20%]), hypertension (six [15%]), and cardiovascular disease (six [15%]). Median age was 49·0 years (IQR 41·0–58·0). 27 (66%) of 41 patients had been exposed to Huanan seafood market. One family cluster was found. Common symptoms at onset of illness were fever (40 [98%] of 41 patients), cough (31 [76%]), and myalgia or fatigue (18 [44%]); less common symptoms were sputum production (11 [28%] of 39), headache (three [8%] of 38), haemoptysis (two [5%] of 39), and diarrhoea (one [3%] of 38). Dyspnoea developed in 22 (55%) of 40 patients (median time from illness onset to dyspnoea 8·0 days [IQR 5·0–13·0]). 26 (63%) of 41 patients had lymphopenia. All 41 patients had pneumonia with abnormal findings on chest CT. Complications included acute respiratory distress syndrome (12 [29%]), RNAaemia (six [15%]), acute cardiac injury (five [12%]) and secondary infection (four [10%]). 13 (32%) patients were admitted to an ICU and six (15%) died. Compared with non-ICU patients, ICU patients had higher plasma levels of IL2, IL7, IL10, GSCF, IP10, MCP1, MIP1A, and TNFα. Interpretation The 2019-nCoV infection caused clusters of severe respiratory illness similar to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus and was associated with ICU admission and high mortality. Major gaps in our knowledge of the origin, epidemiology, duration of human transmission, and clinical spectrum of disease need fulfilment by future studies. Funding Ministry of Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, National Natural Science Foundation of China, and Beijing Municipal Science and Technology Commission.
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            Knowledge, attitudes, and practices towards COVID-19 among Chinese residents during the rapid rise period of the COVID-19 outbreak: a quick online cross-sectional survey

            Bao-Liang Zhong, Wei Luo, Hai-Mei Li … (2020)
            Unprecedented measures have been adopted to control the rapid spread of the ongoing COVID-19 epidemic in China. People's adherence to control measures is affected by their knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) towards COVID-19. In this study, we investigated Chinese residents' KAP towards COVID-19 during the rapid rise period of the outbreak. An online sample of Chinese residents was successfully recruited via the authors' networks with residents and popular media in Hubei, China. A self-developed online KAP questionnaire was completed by the participants. The knowledge questionnaire consisted of 12 questions regarding the clinical characteristics and prevention of COVID-19. Assessments on residents' attitudes and practices towards COVID-19 included questions on confidence in winning the battle against COVID-19 and wearing masks when going out in recent days. Among the survey completers (n=6910), 65.7% were women, 63.5% held a bachelor degree or above, and 56.2% engaged in mental labor. The overall correct rate of the knowledge questionnaire was 90%. The majority of the respondents (97.1%) had confidence that China can win the battle against COVID-19. Nearly all of the participants (98.0%) wore masks when going out in recent days. In multiple logistic regression analyses, the COVID-19 knowledge score (OR: 0.75-0.90, P<0.001) was significantly associated with a lower likelihood of negative attitudes and preventive practices towards COVID-2019. Most Chinese residents of a relatively high socioeconomic status, in particular women, are knowledgeable about COVID-19, hold optimistic attitudes, and have appropriate practices towards COVID-19. Health education programs aimed at improving COVID-19 knowledge are helpful for Chinese residents to hold optimistic attitudes and maintain appropriate practices. Due to the limited sample representativeness, we must be cautious when generalizing these findings to populations of a low socioeconomic status.
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              The effect of large-scale anti-contagion policies on the COVID-19 pandemic

              Solomon Hsiang, Daniel L Allen, Sebastien Annan-Phan … (2020)
              Governments around the world are responding to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic1, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), with unprecedented policies designed to slow the growth rate of infections. Many policies, such as closing schools and restricting populations to their homes, impose large and visible costs on society; however, their benefits cannot be directly observed and are currently understood only through process-based simulations2-4. Here we compile data on 1,700 local, regional and national non-pharmaceutical interventions that were deployed in the ongoing pandemic across localities in China, South Korea, Italy, Iran, France and the United States. We then apply reduced-form econometric methods, commonly used to measure the effect of policies on economic growth5,6, to empirically evaluate the effect that these anti-contagion policies have had on the growth rate of infections. In the absence of policy actions, we estimate that early infections of COVID-19 exhibit exponential growth rates of approximately 38% per day. We find that anti-contagion policies have significantly and substantially slowed this growth. Some policies have different effects on different populations, but we obtain consistent evidence that the policy packages that were deployed to reduce the rate of transmission achieved large, beneficial and measurable health outcomes. We estimate that across these 6 countries, interventions prevented or delayed on the order of 61 million confirmed cases, corresponding to averting approximately 495 million total infections. These findings may help to inform decisions regarding whether or when these policies should be deployed, intensified or lifted, and they can support policy-making in the more than 180 other countries in which COVID-19 has been reported7.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Belitung Nurs J
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Belitung Nurs J
                Journal ID (publisher-id): BNJ
                Title: Belitung Nursing Journal
                Publisher: Belitung Raya Foundation
                ISSN (Print): 2528-181X
                ISSN (Electronic): 2477-4073
                Publication date (Electronic): 27 August 2021
                Publication date Collection: 2021
                Volume: 7
                Issue: 4
                Pages: 277-284
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Faculty of Health Sciences, College of Midwifery, Universitas Kadiri, Kediri, Indonesia
                [2 ]Faculty of Public Health, College of Epidemiology, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
                [3 ]Faculty of Health and Medicine, College of Nursing, Institut Ilmu Kesehatan Bhakti Wiyata Kediri, Kediri, Indonesia
                [4 ]Faculty of Health Sciences, College of Nursing, Universitas Kadiri, Kediri, Indonesia
                [5 ]Technical Centre for Environmental Health and Disease Control, Surabaya, Indonesia
                [6 ]Faculty of Health, College of Public Health, Universitas Efarina, Sumatera Utara, Indonesia
                [7 ]Dinas Kesehatan Kabupaten Tulungagung, Tulungagung, Indonesia
                Author notes
                Corresponding author: Dr. Eko Winarti, SST., M.Kes, Lecturer, Faculty of Health Sciences, College of Midwifery, Universitas Kadiri 1 Selomangleng Street, Kediri 64115, Indonesia. E-mail: ekowinarti@ 123456unik-kediri.ac.id

                Cite this article as: Winarti, E., Wahyuni, C. U., Rias, Y. A., Mirasa, Y. A., Sidabutar, S., & Wardhani, D. L. (2021). Citizens’ health practices during the COVID -19 pandemic in Indonesia: Applying the health belief model. Belitung Nursing Journal, 7(4), 277-284. https://doi.org/10.33546/bnj.1560

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4443-5490
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9518-5930
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5403-2161
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0636-9063
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9089-5447
                Article
                Publisher ID: BNJ-7-4-277
                DOI: 10.33546/bnj.1560
                PMC ID: 10361050
                PubMed ID: 37484890
                SO-VID: 0cc916e5-4717-4f1b-a022-96b6b0e2a609
                Copyright © © The Author(s) 2021
                License:

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License, which allows others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work non-commercially as long as the original work is properly cited. The new creations are not necessarily licensed under the identical terms.

                History
                Date received : 25 May 2021
                Date revision received : 22 June 2021
                Date accepted : 27 July 2021
                Categories
                Subject: Original Research

                Keywords: covid-19,health belief model,health knowledge,indonesia,nursing,practice
                Data availability:
                Keywords: covid-19, health belief model, health knowledge, indonesia, nursing, practice

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