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      Development of an HPLC method for determination of pentachloronitrobenzene, hexachlorobenzene and their possible metabolites

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      Author(s): 1 , 1 , 1 ,
      Publication date (Electronic):
      Journal: BMC Chemical Biology
      Publisher: BioMed Central

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          Abstract

          Background

          Pentachloronitrobenzene (PCNB) and hexachlorobenzene (HCB) are highly toxic and widespread in every environmental compartment. Some of metabolic products such as amino/nitro containing chlorinated aromatic compounds can be determined by gas chromatography coupled with electron capture detector (GC-ECD). However, it is difficult to identify some of chlorophenolic and chloroquinolic intermediates produced from PCNB and HCB by the above mentioned technique. Therefore, for analysis of these compounds and their metabolites, we have developed a high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) based method.

          Results

          The extraction of PCNB and HCB from soil and minimal salt medium was carried out with ethyl acetate and hexane respectively with good recoveries (98% for PCNB and 97% for HCB). The validation of the proposed extraction and HPLC method was done by analysis of PCNB and HCB biodegradation and their metabolites identification from anaerobic enriched soil samples.

          Conclusion

          A rapid, sensitive and simple HPLC based analytical method was developed for the analysis of PCNB, HCB and their possible intermediates.

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          Most cited references31

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          Bacterial dehalogenation.

          S Fetzner (1998)
          Halogenated organic compounds are produced industrially in large quantities and represent an important class of environmental pollutants. However, an abundance of haloorganic compounds is also produced naturally. Bacteria have evolved several strategies for the enzyme-catalyzed dehalogenation and degradation of both haloaliphatic and haloaromatic compounds: (i) Oxidative dehalogenation is the result of mono- or dioxygenase-catalyzed, co-metabolic or metabolic reactions. (ii) In dehydrohalogenase-catalyzed dehalogenation, halide elimination leads to the formation of a double bond. (iii) Substitutive dehalogenation in most cases is a hydrolytic process, catalyzed by halidohydrolases, but there also is a "thiolytic" mechanism with glutathione as cosubstrate. Dehalogenation by halohydrin hydrogen-halide lyases is the result of an intramolecular substitution reaction. (iv) A distinct dechlorination mechanism involves methyl transfer from chloromethane onto tetrahydrofolate. (v) Reductive dehalogenations are co-metabolic processes, or they are specific reactions involved in substrate utilization (carbon metabolism), or reductive dehalogenation is coupled to energy conservation: some anaerobic bacteria use a specific haloorganic compound as electron acceptor of a respiratory process. This review discusses the mechanisms of enzyme-catalyzed dehalogenation reactions, describes some pathways of the bacterial degradation of haloorganic compounds, and indicates some trends in the biological treatment of organohalogen-polluted air, groundwater, soil, and sediments.
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            Isolation and characterization of an atrazine-degrading Rhodococcus sp. strain MB-P1 from contaminated soil.

            C. Raman Suri, M Batra, Fazlurrahman Khan … (2009)
            The aim of this study is to isolate and characterize organisms capable of utilizing high concentration atrazine from the contaminated sites. A selective enrichment was used for isolating atrazine-degrading organisms from the contaminated sites resulting in isolation of an efficient atrazine-degrading organism designated as strain MB-P1. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequencing, total cellular fatty acid analysis and physiological and biochemical tests, strain MB-P1 was identified as a member of genus Rhodococcus. High performance liquid chromatography was performed to identify the atrazine degradation intermediates demonstrating that the degradation proceeds via formation of 'de-ethylatrazine' and 'de-isopropylatrazine'. Further, plasmid curing by SDS method showed atrazine-degrading gene(s) to be plasmid-encoded. We have successfully isolated a Rhodococcus sp. strain MB-P1 which is capable of utilizing atrazine as sole source of carbon and energy at very high concentrations of 1000 ppm. The pathway for degradation of atrazine has also been determined. The metabolic gene(s) responsible for atrazine degradation was found to be plasmid-encoded. Rhodococcus sp. strain MB-P1 could be used as an ideal model system for in-situ degradation and restoration of ecological niches which are heavily contaminated with atrazine.
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              Levels of hexachlorobenzene and other organochlorine compounds in cord blood: exposure across placenta.

              M. Sala, N Ribas-Fitó, E Cardo … (2015)
              Hexachlorobenzene (HCB) is an organochlorine compound widespread in the environment, highly lipophilic, that accumulates in biological systems. It has been suggested that it should be classified as a dioxin-like compound. Newborns are exposed to organochlorine compounds across the placenta and through breastfeeding. Although HCB is one of the most common organochlorine compounds, the transplacental transference of HCB from mother to fetus during pregnancy has been scarcely documented. This study reports the levels of HCB, dichlorodiphenyl trichloroethane (DDT) and its metabolite p,p'DDE, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and beta-hexachlorocyclohexane (beta-HCH) in 72 maternal blood samples at delivery and in 69 cord blood samples, from which 62 corresponded to mother infant pairs born between May 1997 and September 1999 in a rural area highly exposed to HCB. Results show that all newborns presented detectable levels of HCB, PCBs, and p,p'DDE, and, to a lesser extent, of beta-HCH, the HCB levels being the highest. The geometric mean of HCB was 1.1 ng/ml, ranging from 0.3 to 5.7 ng/ml. Concentrations of HCB levels in cord blood (log ng/ml) were positively associated with concentrations in maternal blood (log ng/ml) (coefficient = 0.45, P < 0.01). Gestational age was not associated with the transplacental transfer of HCB. Maternal p,p'DDE and beta-HCH levels were also associated with newborn levels, but levels of PCBs were not. We conclude that HCB, similar to other organochlorinated compounds, has a transplacental transfer.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): BMC Chem Biol
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): BMC Chem Biol
                Title: BMC Chemical Biology
                Publisher: BioMed Central
                ISSN (Electronic): 1472-6769
                Publication date Collection: 2011
                Publication date (Electronic): 23 November 2011
                Volume: 11
                Page: 2
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Institute of Microbial Technology (CSIR), Sector 39-A, Chandigarh-160036, India
                Article
                Publisher ID: 1472-6769-11-2
                DOI: 10.1186/1472-6769-11-2
                PMC ID: 3341572
                PubMed ID: 22112041
                SO-VID: 0c964f4d-62d6-470a-9b4a-dbca37bcec8f
                Copyright © Copyright ©2011 Khan et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.
                License:

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 24 December 2010
                Date accepted : 23 November 2011
                Categories
                Subject: Methodology Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Biochemistry
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Biochemistry

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