Balancing the Scales: A Configurational Approach to Work-Life Balance

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Abstract

Work-life balance is a topic eliciting much attention and scholarship. Yet what scholars mean by work-life balance is wide-ranging. This review focuses on work-life balance scholarship published primarily between 2000 and 2020. To understand what constitutes balance, we integrate this research with work on enrichment and depletion, two constructs that contribute to work-life balance. We identify four configurations of enrichment and depletion that undergird different levels of work-life balance: (a) low enrichment and high depletion (no balance), (b) low enrichment and low depletion (minimal balance), (c) high depletion and high enrichment (balance), and (d) low depletion and high enrichment (balance/flourishing). We examine how other factors, such as cognitive and behavioral factors, other individual differences, and organizational factors, relate to enrichment, depletion, and work-life balance. We conclude with future research directions and practical implications, urging scholars and practitioners to consider novel work-life concerns from the lenses of enrichment and depletion.

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Most cited references 118

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Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being.

Richard M. Ryan, Edward L Deci (2000)

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Hospitalization and Mortality among Black Patients and White Patients with Covid-19

Eboni Price-Haywood, Jeffrey Burton, Daniel Fort … (2020)

Abstract Background Many reports on coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) have highlighted age- and sex-related differences in health outcomes. More information is needed about racial and ethnic differences in outcomes from Covid-19. Methods In this retrospective cohort study, we analyzed data from patients seen within an integrated-delivery health system (Ochsner Health) in Louisiana between March 1 and April 11, 2020, who tested positive for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes Covid-19) on qualitative polymerase-chain-reaction assay. The Ochsner Health population is 31% black non-Hispanic and 65% white non-Hispanic. The primary outcomes were hospitalization and in-hospital death. Results A total of 3626 patients tested positive, of whom 145 were excluded (84 had missing data on race or ethnic group, 9 were Hispanic, and 52 were Asian or of another race or ethnic group). Of the 3481 Covid-19–positive patients included in our analyses, 60.0% were female, 70.4% were black non-Hispanic, and 29.6% were white non-Hispanic. Black patients had higher prevalences of obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and chronic kidney disease than white patients. A total of 39.7% of Covid-19–positive patients (1382 patients) were hospitalized, 76.9% of whom were black. In multivariable analyses, black race, increasing age, a higher score on the Charlson Comorbidity Index (indicating a greater burden of illness), public insurance (Medicare or Medicaid), residence in a low-income area, and obesity were associated with increased odds of hospital admission. Among the 326 patients who died from Covid-19, 70.6% were black. In adjusted time-to-event analyses, variables that were associated with higher in-hospital mortality were increasing age and presentation with an elevated respiratory rate; elevated levels of venous lactate, creatinine, or procalcitonin; or low platelet or lymphocyte counts. However, black race was not independently associated with higher mortality (hazard ratio for death vs. white race, 0.89; 95% confidence interval, 0.68 to 1.17). Conclusions In a large cohort in Louisiana, 76.9% of the patients who were hospitalized with Covid-19 and 70.6% of those who died were black, whereas blacks comprise only 31% of the Ochsner Health population. Black race was not associated with higher in-hospital mortality than white race, after adjustment for differences in sociodemographic and clinical characteristics on admission.

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The mental health continuum: from languishing to flourishing in life.

Corey Keyes (2002)

This paper introduces and applies an operationalization of mental health as a syndrome of symptoms of positive feelings and positive functioning in life. Dimensions and scales of subjective well-being are reviewed and conceived of as mental health symptoms. A diagnosis of the presence of mental health, described as flourishing, and the absence of mental health, characterized as languishing, is applied to data from the 1995 Midlife in the United States study of adults between the ages of 25 and 74 (n = 3,032). Findings revealed that 17.2 percent fit the criteria for flourishing, 56.6 percent were moderately mentally healthy, 12.1 percent of adults fit the criteria for languishing, and 14.1 percent fit the criteria for DSM-III-R major depressive episode (12-month), of which 9.4 percent were not languishing and 4.7 percent were also languishing. The risk of a major depressive episode was two times more likely among languishing than moderately mentally healthy adults, and nearly six times greater among languishing than flourishing adults. Multivariate analyses revealed that languishing and depression were associated with significant psychosocial impairment in terms of perceived emotional health, limitations of activities of daily living, and workdays lost or cutback. Flourishing and moderate mental health were associated with superior profiles of psychosocial functioning. The descriptive epidemiology revealed that males, older adults, more educated individuals, and married adults were more likely to be mentally healthy. Implications for the conception of mental health and the treatment and prevention of mental illness are discussed.

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Author and article information

Journal

Title: Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior

Abbreviated Title: Annu. Rev. Organ. Psychol. Organ. Behav.

Publisher: Annual Reviews

ISSN (Print): 2327-0608

ISSN (Electronic): 2327-0616

Publication date Created: January 21 2021

Publication date (Print): January 21 2021

Volume: 8

Issue: 1

Pages: 73-103

Affiliations

[1 ]Department of Management, The Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA;

Article

DOI: 10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-012420-061833

SO-VID: 0b473314-d8e5-4cc1-988e-a07a01667e10

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ScienceOpen disciplines: General life sciences,Immunology,Social & Behavioral Sciences,Health & Social care,Infectious disease & Microbiology,Public health

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ScienceOpen disciplines: General life sciences, Immunology, Social & Behavioral Sciences, Health & Social care, Infectious disease & Microbiology, Public health

Balancing the Scales: A Configurational Approach to Work-Life Balance

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Annual Reviews Societal Impact of the Covid-19 Pandemic

Most cited references 118

Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being.

Hospitalization and Mortality among Black Patients and White Patients with Covid-19

The mental health continuum: from languishing to flourishing in life.

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