The impact of different alignment strategies on bone cuts for neutral knee phenotypes in total knee arthroplasty

Abstract

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to simulate and visualise the influence of the alignment strategy on bone resection in neutral knee phenotypes. It was hypothesised that different amounts of bone resection would be required depending on the alignment strategy chosen. The hypothesis was that by visualising the corresponding bone cuts, it would be possible to assess which of the different alignment strategies required the least change to the soft tissues for the chosen phenotype but still ensured acceptable component alignment and could, therefore, be considered the most ideal alignment strategy.

Methods

Simulations of the different alignment strategies (mechanical, anatomical, restricted kinematic and unrestricted kinematic) regarding their bone resections were performed on four common exemplary neutral knee phenotypes. NEU _HKA 0° VAR _FMA 90° VAL _TMA 90°, NEU _HKA 0° NEU _FMA 93° NEU _TMA 87°, NEU _HKA 0° VAL _FMA 96° NEU _TMA 87° and NEU _HKA0° VAL _FMA 99° VAR _TMA 84°. The phenotype system used categorises knees based on overall limb alignment (i.e. hip knee angle) but also considers joint line obliquity (i.e. TKA and FMA) and has been used globally since its introduction in 2019. These simulations are based on long leg weightbearing radiographs. It is assumed that a change of 1° in the alignment of the joint line corresponds to correspond to 1 mm of distal condyle offset.

Results

In the most common neutral phenotype NEU _HKA 0° NEU _FMA 93° NEU _TMA 87°, with a prevalence of 30%, bone cuts remain below 4 mm regardless of alignment strategy. The greatest changes in the obliquity of the joint line can be expected for the mechanical alignment of the phenotype NEU _HKA 0° VAL _FMA 99° VAR _TMA 84° where the medial tibia is raised by 6 mm and the lateral femur is shifted distally by 9 mm. In contrast, the NEU _HKA 0° VAR _FMA 90° VAL _TMA 90° phenotype requires no change in joint line obliquity if the mechanical alignment strategy is used.

Conclusion

Illustrations of alignment strategies help the treating surgeon to estimate the postoperative joint line obliquity. When considering the alignment strategy, it seems reasonable to prefer a strategy where the joint line obliquity is changed as little as possible. Although for the most common neutral knee phenotype the choice of alignment strategy seems to be of negligible importance, in general, even for neutral phenotypes, large differences in bone cuts can be observed depending on the choice of alignment strategy.