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      Análise fatorial confirmatória das três versões da Perceived Stress Scale (PSS): um estudo populacional Translated title: Confirmatory factor analysis of three versions of the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS): a population-based study

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          Abstract

          Este estudo teve como objetivos realizar a análise fatorial confirmatória da Escala de Estresse Percebido (Perceived Stress Scale- PSS), nas versões traduzidas de 14, 10 e 4 itens; analisar sua validade concorrente com o Questionário de Saúde Geral (QSG-12); mapear o perfil do estresse em uma amostra representativa da população; e estabelecer parâmetros de avaliação do estresse por meio da normatização dos escores da população total. A amostragem foi de base populacional, em formato de conglomerado por setores censitários. Participaram 1.154 habitantes de uma capital do Nordeste brasileiro, sendo a maioria do sexo feminino (55,6%), com nível de escolaridade em ensino médio (51,7%), empregados (72,7%) e não tabagistas (90,6%). As medianas de renda e idade ficaram em R$ 1.200,00 e 29 anos. Ao final, constatou-se que houve ajustes satisfatórios para as três versões da PSS apenas em seu modelo bifatorial e a escala com 10 itens se mostrou uma solução harmônica entre as versões completa e mais reduzida, considerando-se a relação entre a parcimônia na quantidade de itens e a robustez estatística deste instrumento. Ademais, a PSS ratificou sua validade concorrente com o QSG-12 e foi feita a normatização dos escores da PSS, estabelecendo-se parâmetros para comparação em futuros estudos.

          Translated abstract

          This study aimed to perform a confirmatory factor analysis of the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) in the Brazilian versions of 14, 10, 4 items; to analyze their concurrent validity with the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12); to map the profile of the stress in a representative sampling; and to establish stress assessment parameters by the standardization of the scores from overall population. The sample was population-based by conglomerate designs and clusters tracts. Thus, 1,154 inhabitants from a capital city of a northeastern state of Brazil participated in the study, mostly female (55.6%), with high school degree (51.7%), employed (72.7%), and nonsmokers (90.6%). The average income and age were BRL 1,200.00 and 29 years old, respectively. By the end, it was found satisfactory adjustments for the three PSS versions but just in its two-factor model; the PSS with 10 items was shown as a harmonious solution between the full and reduced scales considering the relationship between parsimony and statistical robustness of the scale. Furthermore, the PSS ratified its concurrent validity with the GHQ-12. It was also made the scores normalization of the PSS setting up parameters for future comparisons.

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          Using Mutivariate Statistics

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            Central effects of stress hormones in health and disease: Understanding the protective and damaging effects of stress and stress mediators.

            Stress begins in the brain and affects the brain, as well as the rest of the body. Acute stress responses promote adaptation and survival via responses of neural, cardiovascular, autonomic, immune and metabolic systems. Chronic stress can promote and exacerbate pathophysiology through the same systems that are dysregulated. The burden of chronic stress and accompanying changes in personal behaviors (smoking, eating too much, drinking, poor quality sleep; otherwise referred to as "lifestyle") is called allostatic overload. Brain regions such as hippocampus, prefrontal cortex and amygdala respond to acute and chronic stress and show changes in morphology and chemistry that are largely reversible if the chronic stress lasts for weeks. However, it is not clear whether prolonged stress for many months or years may have irreversible effects on the brain. The adaptive plasticity of chronic stress involves many mediators, including glucocorticoids, excitatory amino acids, endogenous factors such as brain neurotrophic factor (BDNF), polysialated neural cell adhesion molecule (PSA-NCAM) and tissue plasminogen activator (tPA). The role of this stress-induced remodeling of neural circuitry is discussed in relation to psychiatric illnesses, as well as chronic stress and the concept of top-down regulation of cognitive, autonomic and neuroendocrine function. This concept leads to a different way of regarding more holistic manipulations, such as physical activity and social support as an important complement to pharmaceutical therapy in treatment of the common phenomenon of being "stressed out". Policies of government and the private sector play an important role in this top-down view of minimizing the burden of chronic stress and related lifestyle (i.e. allostatic overload).
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              Psychometric properties of a European Spanish version of the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS).

              This paper presents evidence from a heterogeneous sample of 440 Spanish adults, for the reliability and validity of a European Spanish version of the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), designed to measure the degree to which situations in one's life are appraised as stressful. The European Spanish version PSS (14-item) demonstrated adequate reliability (internal consistency, alpha = .81, and test-retest, r = .73), validity (concurrent), and sensitivity. Additional data indicate adequate reliability (alpha = .82, test-retest, r = .77), validity, and sensitivity of a 10-item short version of the PSS.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Journal
                prc
                Psicologia: Reflexão e Crítica
                Psicol. Reflex. Crit.
                Curso de Pós-Graduação em Psicologia da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (Porto Alegre )
                0102-7972
                March 2015
                : 28
                : 1
                : 21-30
                Article
                S0102-79722015000100021
                10.1590/1678-7153.201528103
                0ae83ea3-d441-4b8c-a6ea-75f4877da151

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

                History

                Confirmatory factor analysis,stress,Perceived Stress Scale (PSS),psychometry,scale validation,Análise fatorial confirmatória,estresse,Escala de Estresse Percebido (PSS),Psicometria,validação de escalas

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