Immunomodulatory effects of inulin and its intestinal metabolites

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Abstract

“Dietary fiber” (DF) refers to a type of carbohydrate that cannot be digested fully. DF is not an essential nutrient, but it plays an important part in enhancing digestive capacity and maintaining intestinal health. Therefore, DF supplementation in the daily diet is highly recommended. Inulin is a soluble DF, and commonly added to foods. Recently, several studies have found that dietary supplementation of inulin can improve metabolic function and regulate intestinal immunity. Inulin is fermented in the colon by the gut microbiota and a series of metabolites is generated. Among these metabolites, short-chain fatty acids provide energy to intestinal epithelial cells and participate in regulating the differentiation of immune cells. Inulin and its intestinal metabolites contribute to host immunity. This review summarizes the effect of inulin and its metabolites on intestinal immunity, and the underlying mechanisms of inulin in preventing diseases such as type 2 diabetes mellitus, inflammatory bowel disease, chronic kidney disease, and certain cancer types.

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Most cited references 179

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An obesity-associated gut microbiome with increased capacity for energy harvest.

Peter J Turnbaugh, Ruth E Ley, Michael A Mahowald … (2006)

The worldwide obesity epidemic is stimulating efforts to identify host and environmental factors that affect energy balance. Comparisons of the distal gut microbiota of genetically obese mice and their lean littermates, as well as those of obese and lean human volunteers have revealed that obesity is associated with changes in the relative abundance of the two dominant bacterial divisions, the Bacteroidetes and the Firmicutes. Here we demonstrate through metagenomic and biochemical analyses that these changes affect the metabolic potential of the mouse gut microbiota. Our results indicate that the obese microbiome has an increased capacity to harvest energy from the diet. Furthermore, this trait is transmissible: colonization of germ-free mice with an 'obese microbiota' results in a significantly greater increase in total body fat than colonization with a 'lean microbiota'. These results identify the gut microbiota as an additional contributing factor to the pathophysiology of obesity.

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From Dietary Fiber to Host Physiology: Short-Chain Fatty Acids as Key Bacterial Metabolites.

Ara Koh, Filipe De Vadder, Petia Kovatcheva-Datchary … (2016)

A compelling set of links between the composition of the gut microbiota, the host diet, and host physiology has emerged. Do these links reflect cause-and-effect relationships, and what might be their mechanistic basis? A growing body of work implicates microbially produced metabolites as crucial executors of diet-based microbial influence on the host. Here, we will review data supporting the diverse functional roles carried out by a major class of bacterial metabolites, the short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). SCFAs can directly activate G-coupled-receptors, inhibit histone deacetylases, and serve as energy substrates. They thus affect various physiological processes and may contribute to health and disease.

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Microbial ecology: human gut microbes associated with obesity.

Ruth E Ley, Peter J. Turnbaugh, Samuel Klein … (2006)

Two groups of beneficial bacteria are dominant in the human gut, the Bacteroidetes and the Firmicutes. Here we show that the relative proportion of Bacteroidetes is decreased in obese people by comparison with lean people, and that this proportion increases with weight loss on two types of low-calorie diet. Our findings indicate that obesity has a microbial component, which might have potential therapeutic implications.

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Author and article information

Contributors

Wei Sheng: URI : https://loop.frontiersin.org/people/1756862

Guang Ji: URI : https://loop.frontiersin.org/people/1553141

Li Zhang: URI : https://loop.frontiersin.org/people/652777

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Front Immunol

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Front Immunol

Journal ID (publisher-id): Front. Immunol.

Title: Frontiers in Immunology

Publisher: Frontiers Media S.A.

ISSN (Electronic): 1664-3224

Publication date (Electronic): 10 August 2023

Publication date Collection: 2023

Volume: 14

Electronic Location Identifier: 1224092

Affiliations

[1] Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Shanghai, China

Author notes

Edited by: Aylin Sahin, University College Cork, Ireland

Reviewed by: Jefferson Elias-Oliveira, University of São Paulo, Brazil; Marco Aurélio Ramirez Vinolo, State University of Campinas, Brazil

*Correspondence: Li Zhang, zhangli.hl@ 123456163.com

Article

DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1224092

PMC ID: 10449545

PubMed ID: 37638034

SO-VID: 0acf0731-0b1e-42dc-b093-5f4d8d6a882b

License:

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

History

Date received : 17 May 2023

Date accepted : 25 July 2023

Page count

Figures: 2, Tables: 3, Equations: 0, References: 179, Pages: 16, Words: 8448

Funding

This work was supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 82274448, 82174250).

Custom metadata

section-in-acceptance Nutritional Immunology

ScienceOpen disciplines: Immunology

Keywords: inulin,short-chain fatty acids,intestinal immunity,intestinal microbiota,intestinal epithelial cells,intestinal immune cells

Data availability:

ScienceOpen disciplines: Immunology

Keywords: inulin, short-chain fatty acids, intestinal immunity, intestinal microbiota, intestinal epithelial cells, intestinal immune cells

Immunomodulatory effects of inulin and its intestinal metabolites

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Abstract

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Gamma Delta T cells

Most cited references 179

An obesity-associated gut microbiome with increased capacity for energy harvest.

From Dietary Fiber to Host Physiology: Short-Chain Fatty Acids as Key Bacterial Metabolites.

Microbial ecology: human gut microbes associated with obesity.

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