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      Diet and body fat in adolescence and early adulthood: a systematic review of longitudinal studies Translated title: Dieta e gordura corporal na adolescência e início da vida adulta: uma revisão sistemática de estudos longitudinais

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          Abstract

          Abstract Adipose tissue is a vital component of the human body, but in excess, it represents a risk to health. According to the World Health Organization, one of the main factors determining excessive body adiposity is the dietary habit. This systematic review investigated longitudinal studies that assessed the association between diet and body fat in adolescents and young adults. Twenty-one relevant papers published between 2001 and 2015 were selected. The most used method for estimating body fat was the body mass index (15 studies). Diet was most commonly assessed by estimating the consumption of food groups (cereals, milk and dairy products) and specific foods (sugar-sweetened beverages, soft drinks, fast foods, milk, etc.). Ten studies found a direct association between diet and quantity of body fat. During adolescence, adhering to a dietary pattern characterized by high consumption of energy-dense food, fast foods, sugar-sweetened beverages and soft drinks, as well as low fiber intake, appears to contribute to an increase in body fat in early adulthood. The findings of the present study suggest that the frequent consumption of unhealthy foods and food groups (higher energy density and lower nutrient content) in adolescence is associated with higher quantity of body fat in early adulthood.

          Translated abstract

          Resumo O tecido adiposo é um componente vital do corpo humano, mas em excesso representa risco à saúde. Conforme a Organização Mundial da Saúde, um dos principais fatores determinantes do excesso de peso é o hábito alimentar. Essa revisão sistemática investigou estudos longitudinais que avaliaram a relação entre dieta e gordura corporal em adolescentes e adultos jovens. Vinte e um artigos publicados de 2001 a 2015 foram selecionados. O método mais utilizado para estimar gordura corporal foi o índice de massa corporal (15 estudos). A dieta foi avaliada principalmente pelo consumo de grupos alimentares (cereais, leite e produtos lácteos) e alimentos específicos (bebidas açucaradas, refrigerantes, “fast foods”, leite e etc.). Dez estudos encontraram uma associação direta entre dieta e quantidade de gordura corporal. Um padrão alimentar com alto consumo energético e de gordura e baixo de fibras e o hábito de consumir “fast foods”, bebidas açucaradas e refrigerantes na adolescência, contribuíram para um aumento da gordura corporal no início da vida adulta. Os achados deste estudo sugerem que o consumo de alimentos específicos e grupos de alimentos não saudáveis (alta densidade energética e baixo conteúdo de nutrientes) na adolescência e início da vida adulta estão associados com maior quantidade de gordura corporal.

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          Activity, dietary intake, and weight changes in a longitudinal study of preadolescent and adolescent boys and girls.

          To examine the role of physical activity, inactivity, and dietary patterns on annual weight changes among preadolescents and adolescents, taking growth and development into account. We studied a cohort of 6149 girls and 4620 boys from all over the United States who were 9 to 14 years old in 1996. All returned questionnaires in the fall of 1996 and a year later in 1997. Each child provided his or her current height and weight and a detailed assessment of typical past-year dietary intakes, physical activities, and recreational inactivities (TV, videos/VCR, and video/computer games). Our hypotheses were that physical activity and dietary fiber intake are negatively correlated with annual changes in adiposity and that recreational inactivity (TV/videos/games), caloric intake, and dietary fat intake are positively correlated with annual changes in adiposity. Separately for boys and girls, we performed regression analysis of 1-year change in body mass index (BMI; kg/m(2)). All hypothesized factors were in the model simultaneously with several adjustment factors. Larger increases in BMI from 1996 to 1997 were among girls who reported higher caloric intakes (.0061 +/-.0026 kg/m(2) per 100 kcal/day; beta +/- standard error), less physical activity (-.0284 +/-.0142 kg/m(2)/hour/day) and more time with TV/videos/games (.0372 +/-.0106 kg/m(2)/hour/day) during the year between the 2 BMI assessments. Larger BMI increases were among boys who reported more time with TV/videos/games (.0384 +/-.0101) during the year. For both boys and girls, a larger rise in caloric intake from 1996 to 1997 predicted larger BMI increases (girls:.0059 +/-.0027 kg/m(2) per increase of 100 kcal/day; boys:.0082 +/-.0030). No significant associations were noted for energy-adjusted dietary fat or fiber. For both boys and girls, a 1-year increase in BMI was larger in those who reported more time with TV/videos/games during the year between the 2 BMI measurements, and in those who reported that their caloric intakes increased more from 1 year to the next. Larger year-to-year increases in BMI were also seen among girls who reported higher caloric intakes and less physical activity during the year between the 2 BMI measurements. Although the magnitudes of these estimated effects were small, their cumulative effects, year after year during adolescence, would produce substantial gains in body weight. Strategies to prevent excessive caloric intakes, to decrease time with TV/videos/games, and to increase physical activity would be promising as a means to prevent obesity.
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            Global status report on noncommunicable diseases; 2010

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              Measuring dietary intake in children and adolescents in the context of overweight and obesity.

              Dietary intake throughout childhood is a key determinant of growth and development and has an important role in both the prevention and treatment of childhood overweight and obesity. Although dietary intake assessment is fraught with challenges and limitations, reporting intake remains an important research outcome if dietary recommendations to promote healthy weight are to be refined. The aims of this paper are to review current dietary intake assessment methodologies for children, to identify their biases and provide guidance on how these can be addressed to improve reporting of dietary intakes of overweight children in the literature and to identify future research priorities. Knowledge of the methodological aspects of studies examining dietary intake a priori in the context of obesity will assist researchers in improving the quality of dietary data collected and reported and facilitate publication of both dietary intake and nutrition outcomes in the context of body weight. This will help to develop a strong evidence base against which to evaluate the effectiveness of nutrition interventions for both the prevention and treatment of pediatric obesity.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                csc
                Ciência & Saúde Coletiva
                Ciênc. saúde coletiva
                ABRASCO - Associação Brasileira de Saúde Coletiva (Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil )
                1413-8123
                1678-4561
                May 2017
                : 22
                : 5
                : 1539-1552
                Affiliations
                [2] Rio Grande Rio Grande do Sul orgnameUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande Brazil
                [1] Pelotas Rio Grande do Sul orgnameUniversidade Federal de Pelotas orgdiv1Centro de Pesquisas Epidemiológias Amilcar Gigante Brazil brucelsch@ 123456yahoo.com.br
                [3] Pelotas Rio Grande do Sul orgnameUniversidade Federal de Pelotas orgdiv1Faculdade de Nutrição Brazil
                Article
                S1413-81232017002501539
                10.1590/1413-81232017225.13972015
                28538925
                0a3dd67a-935f-40ee-be5d-7e7de2e137b6

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 06 August 2015
                : 21 November 2015
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 34, Pages: 14
                Product

                SciELO Brazil


                Dieta,Gordura corporal,Adolescente,Adulto jovem,Diet,Body fat,Adolescent,Early adulthood

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