Abstract Fungal sclerotia house native bacterial populations of interest for biological control of plant pathogenic fungi. The objectives of this research were: i) to explore the bacterial populations associated with Claviceps gigantea sclerotia in maize from six locations in the State of Mexico, ii) to evaluate the in vitro antagonism of these bacterial populations against three species of Fusarium phytopathogens of maize, iii) to molecularly identify the more efficient antagonists and characterize the in vitro production of metabolites. Bacterial populations in the sclerotia were calculated by direct plate count; in vitro antagonism against Fusarium graminearum, F. sublgutinans, and F. verticillioides was evaluated by confrontation in Waksman agar medium. Antagonistic bacteria were identified by partial sequencing of 16S rRNA gene and evaluated in vitro for the production of indole-3 acetic acid, siderophores, lipolytic and proteolytic activity, and mineral phosphate solubilization. The bacterial density ranged from 2.023 to 2.397 Log10UFC g-1 of sclerotia. Twenty-two strains showed in vitro antagonism against at least one Fusarium species and were identified as members of the genera Bacillus, Delftia, Micromonospora, Pseudomonas, Sphingobacterium, Staphylococcus, and Stenotrophomonas. The 22 antagonists showed in vitro lipolytic, proteolytic, siderophore-producing and phosphate-solubilizing activity; only 12 (55%) produced indole-3-acetic acid. Bacillus subtilis (BA1), Pseudomonas syringae (BA2), and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (BA18) strains were antagonists against the three Fusarium species and produced all the metabolites evaluated.
Resumen Los esclerocios de algunos hongos albergan bacterias nativas para el control biológico de hongos fitopatógenos. Los objetivos de esta investigación fueron: i) explorar poblaciones bacterianas asociadas a esclerocios de Claviceps gigantea en maíces de seis localidades del Estado de México, ii) evaluar el antagonismo in vitro de estas poblaciones bacterianas contra tres especies de Fusarium fitopatógenos de maíz, iii) identificar molecularmente los antagonistas más eficientes y caracterizar la producción de metabolitos in vitro. Poblaciones bacterianas en los esclerocios se calcularon por conteo directo en placa; el antagonismo in vitro contra Fusarium graminearum, F. sublgutinans y F. verticillioides se evaluó por confrontación en medio Waksman agar. Las bacterias antagonistas se identificaron por secuenciación parcial del gen 16S rRNA y se evaluaron in vitro para la producción de ácido indol-3-acético, sideróforos, actividad lipolítica, proteolítica y solubilización de fosfato mineral. La densidad bacteriana estuvo entre 2.023 a 2.397 Log10UFC g-1 de esclerocio. Veintidos cepas mostraron antagonismo in vitro contra al menos una especie de Fusarium. Se identificaron como miembros de los géneros Bacillus, Delftia, Micromonospora, Pseudomonas, Sphingobacterium, Staphylococcus y Stenotrophomonas. Los 22 antagonistas mostraron in vitro actividad lipolítica, proteolítica, produjeron sideróforos y solubilizaron fosfato; únicamente 12 (55%) produjeron ácido indol-3-acético. Las cepas Bacillus subtilis (BA1), Pseudomonas syringae (BA2) y Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (BA18) fueron antagonistas contra las tres especies de Fusarium y produjeron todos los metabolitos evaluados.
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