The potential use of lipases in the production of fatty acid derivatives for the food and nutraceutical industries

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Abstract

The potential of lipases (E.C.3.1.1.3.) as biocatalysts for the production of fatty acid derivatives for the food and nutraceutical industries, such as flavouring esters, fatty acid esters of antioxidants and structured lipids, is enormous, mainly due to their high regio- and stereo-selectivities, in addition to the other well-known advantages of enzymatic processes. The replacement of chemical catalysts by lipases presents great benefits in terms of the nutritional properties of the obtained products and environmental care. The reactions performed for the production of these compounds, as well as the best operation conditions, the biocatalysts used, reactor types and operation mode, are addressed in this review.

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Antioxidants are emerging as prophylactic and therapeutic agents. These are the agents, which scavenge free radicals otherwise reactive oxygen species and prevent the damage caused by them. Free radicals have been associated with pathogenesis of various disorders like cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, autoimmune diseases, neurodegenerative disorders and are implicated in aging. Several antioxidants like SOD, CAT, epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate, lycopene, ellagic acid, coenzyme Q10, indole-3-carbinol, genistein, quercetin, vitamin C and vitamin E have been found to be pharmacologically active as prophylactic and therapeutic agents for above mentioned diseases. Antioxidants are part of diet but their bioavailability through dietary supplementation depends on several factors. This major drawback of dietary agents may be due to one or many of the several factors like poor solubility, inefficient permeability, instability due to storage of food, first pass effect and GI degradation. Conventional dosage forms may not result in efficient formulation owing to their poor biopharmaceutical properties. Principles of novel drug delivery systems need to be applied to significantly improve the performance of antioxidants. Novel drug delivery systems (NDDS) would also help in delivery of these antioxidants by oral route, as this route is of prime importance when antioxidants are intended for prophylactic purpose. Implication of NDDS for the delivery of antioxidants is largely governed by physicochemical characteristics, biopharmaceutical properties and pharmacokinetic parameters of the antioxidant to be formulated. Recently, chemical modifications, coupling agents, liposomes, microparticles, nanoparticles and gel-based systems have been explored for the delivery of these difficult to deliver molecules. Results from several studies conducted across the globe are positive and provided us with new anticipation for the improvement of human healthcare.

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Our understanding of the role of vitamin E in human nutrition, health, and disease has broadened and changed over the past two decades. Viewed initially as nature's most potent lipid-soluble antioxidant (and discovered for its crucial role in mammalian reproduction) we have now come to realize that vitamin E action has many more facets, depending on the physiological context. Although mainly acting as an antioxidant, vitamin E can also be a pro-oxidant; it can even have nonantioxidant functions: as a signaling molecule, as a regulator of gene expression, and, possibly, in the prevention of cancer and atherosclerosis. Since the term vitamin E encompasses a group of eight structurally related tocopherols and tocotrienols, individual isomers have different propensities with respect to these novel, nontraditional roles. The particular beneficial effects of the individual isomers have to be considered when dissecting the physiological impact of dietary vitamin E or supplements (mainly containing only the alpha-tocopherol isomer) in clinical trials. These considerations are also relevant for the design of transgenic crop plants with the goal of enhancing vitamin E content because an engineered biosynthetic pathway may be biased toward formation of one isomer. In contrast to the tremendous recent advances in knowledge of vitamin E chemistry and biology, there is little hard evidence from clinical and epidemiologic studies on the beneficial effects of supplementation with vitamin E beyond the essential requirement.

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Hans-Konrad Biesalski, Lars Dragsted, Ibrahim Elmadfa … (2009)

Biomarkers and their role in evaluating efficacy and safety were the topic of the 23rd Hohenheim Consensus Meeting at the University of Hohenheim in Stuttgart. Scientists who had published and reviewed scientific and regulatory papers on the topic were invited, among them basic researchers, toxicologists, clinicians, and nutritionists. The participants were presented with 11 questions (in bold font), which were discussed and answered (in italic font) at the workshop, with the aim of summarizing the current state of knowledge on the subject. The explicatory text accompanying the short answers was produced and agreed on after the conference and was backed up by corresponding references.

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Author and article information

Contributors

Suzana Ferreira-Dias: Role: ND

Georgina Sandoval: Role: ND

Francisco Plou: Role: ND

Francisco Valero: Role: ND

Journal

Journal ID (publisher): ejb

Title: Electronic Journal of Biotechnology

Abbreviated Title: Electron. J. Biotechnol.

Publisher: Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso and CONICYT (Valparaíso )

ISSN: 0717-3458

Publication date (Print): May 2013

Volume: 16

Issue: 3

Page: 12

Affiliations

[1 ] Universidade Técnica de Lisboa Portugal

[2 ] Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco Mexico

[3 ] Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas Spain

[4 ] Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Spain

Article

Publisher ID: S0717-34582013000300012

DOI: 10.2225/vol16-issue3-fulltext-5

SO-VID: 0a098819-68fc-404a-aca0-1d0ece97a62e

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http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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SciELO Chile

Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0717-3458&lng=en

The potential use of lipases in the production of fatty acid derivatives for the food and nutraceutical industries

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Most cited references 273

Role of antioxidants in prophylaxis and therapy: A pharmaceutical perspective.

Chemistry and biology of vitamin E.

Bioactive compounds: definition and assessment of activity.

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