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      Functional annotation of rhizospheric phageome of the wild plant species Moringa oleifera

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          Abstract

          Introduction

          The study aims to describe phageome of soil rhizosphere of M.oleifera in terms of the genes encoding CAZymes and other KEGG enzymes.

          Methods

          Genes of the rhizospheric virome of the wild plant species Moringa oleifera were investigated for their ability to encode useful CAZymes and other KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) enzymes and to resist antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in the soil.

          Results

          Abundance of these genes was higher in the rhizospheric microbiome than in the bulk soil. Detected viral families include the plant viral family Potyviridae as well as the tailed bacteriophages of class Caudoviricetes that are mainly associated with bacterial genera Pseudomonas, Streptomyces and Mycobacterium. Viral CAZymes in this soil mainly belong to glycoside hydrolase (GH) families GH43 and GH23. Some of these CAZymes participate in a KEGG pathway with actions included debranching and degradation of hemicellulose. Other actions include biosynthesizing biopolymer of the bacterial cell wall and the layered cell wall structure of peptidoglycan. Other CAZymes promote plant physiological activities such as cell-cell recognition, embryogenesis and programmed cell death (PCD). Enzymes of other pathways help reduce the level of soil H 2O 2 and participate in the biosynthesis of glycine, malate, isoprenoids, as well as isoprene that protects plant from heat stress. Other enzymes act in promoting both the permeability of bacterial peroxisome membrane and carbon fixation in plants. Some enzymes participate in a balanced supply of dNTPs, successful DNA replication and mismatch repair during bacterial cell division. They also catalyze the release of signal peptides from bacterial membrane prolipoproteins. Phages with the most highly abundant antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) transduce species of bacterial genera Pseudomonas, Streptomyces, and Mycobacterium. Abundant mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in the rhizosphere include “antibiotic efflux pump” for ARGs soxR, OleC, and MuxB, “antibiotic target alteration” for parY mutant, and “antibiotic inactivation” for arr-1.

          Discussion

          These ARGs can act synergistically to inhibit several antibiotics including tetracycline, penam, cephalosporin, rifamycins, aminocoumarin, and oleandomycin. The study highlighted the issue of horizontal transfer of ARGs to clinical isolates and human gut microbiome.

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          Most cited references123

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          Fast and sensitive protein alignment using DIAMOND.

          The alignment of sequencing reads against a protein reference database is a major computational bottleneck in metagenomics and data-intensive evolutionary projects. Although recent tools offer improved performance over the gold standard BLASTX, they exhibit only a modest speedup or low sensitivity. We introduce DIAMOND, an open-source algorithm based on double indexing that is 20,000 times faster than BLASTX on short reads and has a similar degree of sensitivity.
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            CD-HIT: accelerated for clustering the next-generation sequencing data

            Summary: CD-HIT is a widely used program for clustering biological sequences to reduce sequence redundancy and improve the performance of other sequence analyses. In response to the rapid increase in the amount of sequencing data produced by the next-generation sequencing technologies, we have developed a new CD-HIT program accelerated with a novel parallelization strategy and some other techniques to allow efficient clustering of such datasets. Our tests demonstrated very good speedup derived from the parallelization for up to ∼24 cores and a quasi-linear speedup for up to ∼8 cores. The enhanced CD-HIT is capable of handling very large datasets in much shorter time than previous versions. Availability: http://cd-hit.org. Contact: liwz@sdsc.edu Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
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              Cd-hit: a fast program for clustering and comparing large sets of protein or nucleotide sequences.

              In 2001 and 2002, we published two papers (Bioinformatics, 17, 282-283, Bioinformatics, 18, 77-82) describing an ultrafast protein sequence clustering program called cd-hit. This program can efficiently cluster a huge protein database with millions of sequences. However, the applications of the underlying algorithm are not limited to only protein sequences clustering, here we present several new programs using the same algorithm including cd-hit-2d, cd-hit-est and cd-hit-est-2d. Cd-hit-2d compares two protein datasets and reports similar matches between them; cd-hit-est clusters a DNA/RNA sequence database and cd-hit-est-2d compares two nucleotide datasets. All these programs can handle huge datasets with millions of sequences and can be hundreds of times faster than methods based on the popular sequence comparison and database search tools, such as BLAST.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Front Microbiol
                Front Microbiol
                Front. Microbiol.
                Frontiers in Microbiology
                Frontiers Media S.A.
                1664-302X
                16 May 2023
                2023
                : 14
                : 1166148
                Affiliations
                [1] 1Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Jeddah , Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
                [2] 2Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University , Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
                [3] 3Department of Biology, College of Science, Taibah University , Al-Madinah Al-Munawwarah, Saudi Arabia
                [4] 4Department of Biology, College of Science and Arts at Khulis, University of Jeddah , Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
                [5] 5Department of Biology, Jumum College University, Umm Al-Qura University , Makkah, Saudi Arabia
                [6] 6Department of Biology, Faculty of Applied Science, Umm Al-Qura University , Makkah, Saudi Arabia
                [7] 7Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King AbdulAziz University , Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
                [8] 8Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, University of Jeddah , Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
                [9] 9Biological Sciences Department, College of Science & Arts, King AbdulAziz University , Rabigh, Saudi Arabia
                Author notes

                Edited by: Alicja Wegrzyn, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poland

                Reviewed by: Ali Abdelmoteleb, Menoufia University, Egypt; Daniel Gonzalez Mendoza, Autonomous University of Baja California, Mexico

                *Correspondence: Aala A. Abulfaraj aaabulfaraj@ 123456kau.edu.sa

                †ORCID: Aala A. Abulfaraj orcid.org/0000-0001-5833-2495

                Article
                10.3389/fmicb.2023.1166148
                10227523
                37260683
                09fa114a-fff6-4a1e-848b-e9e6788dba44
                Copyright © 2023 Ashy, Jalal, Sonbol, Alqahtani, Sefrji, Alshareef, Alshehrei, Abuauf, Baz, Tashkandi, Hakeem, Refai and Abulfaraj.

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

                History
                : 15 February 2023
                : 10 April 2023
                Page count
                Figures: 10, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 123, Pages: 16, Words: 11068
                Funding
                Funded by: Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, doi 10.13039/501100004242;
                Award ID: PNURSP2023R83
                This study was funded by Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University Researchers Supporting Project number (PNURSP2023R83), Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
                Categories
                Microbiology
                Original Research
                Custom metadata
                Evolutionary and Genomic Microbiology

                Microbiology & Virology
                cazyme,kegg,arg,hgt,cell membrane,antibiotics
                Microbiology & Virology
                cazyme, kegg, arg, hgt, cell membrane, antibiotics

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