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      The Effect of Crackers Enriched with Camelina Sativa Oil on Omega-3 Serum Fatty Acid Composition in Older Adults: A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Pilot Trial

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          Abstract

          Background

          Camelina sativa oil is one of the richest dietary sources of omega-3, with polyunsaturated fatty acids amounts of over 50%, linolenic acid content of around 40–45%, and linoleic acid of about 15%. Moreover, this oil is a valuable source of antioxidants which provide oxidative stability. All those features raise interest in considering Camelina oil as an alternative and sustainable oil source providing stable omega-3-rich emulsions for functional food production.

          Objectives

          The present study aimed to investigate the effects of Camelina oil-enriched crackers on serum omega-3 concentration, inflammatory markers and serum lipid profile.

          Design

          Randomized placebo-controlled pilot trial. Setting: Research and Development Center (Complife Italia s.r.l.).

          Participants

          Sixty-six free-living older volunteers (aged≥65 years).

          Intervention

          Older adults were enrolled and randomly assigned to one of two groups: the camelina group or the placebo group. Subjects consumed daily 35 g of crackers (Camelina enriched crackers or placebo ones) twice daily for 12 weeks.

          Measurements

          Serum polyunsaturated fatty acid profile, inflammatory status and serum lipid panel parameters were recorded pre and post-intervention.

          Results

          In the camelina group, alpha-linolenic acid serum concentration was significantly higher (p<0.01) compared to the placebo group at the end of the study. Concerning inflammatory plasma markers, a significant mean pro-inflammatory interleukin-18 plasma concentration decrease in the placebo group compared to the camelina one was observed (p<0.05). No significant differences in other mean inflammatory markers concentrations post-intervention were noted in either group. Lastly, examining the change in lipid profile, it is noteworthy that a higher reduction of total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein and triglycerides in the camelina group postintervention, despite the lack of statistical significance.

          Conclusion

          Camelina oil significantly elevated the serum alpha-linolenic acid concentration with no significant changes in inflammatory markers and lipid profile.

          Electronic Supplementary Material

          Supplementary material is available for this article at 10.1007/s12603-023-1925-x and is accessible for authorized users.

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          Most cited references30

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          International physical activity questionnaire: 12-country reliability and validity.

          CORA L. CRAIG, ALISON L. MARSHALL, MICHAEL SJ??STR??M … (2003)
          Physical inactivity is a global concern, but diverse physical activity measures in use prevent international comparisons. The International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) was developed as an instrument for cross-national monitoring of physical activity and inactivity. Between 1997 and 1998, an International Consensus Group developed four long and four short forms of the IPAQ instruments (administered by telephone interview or self-administration, with two alternate reference periods, either the "last 7 d" or a "usual week" of recalled physical activity). During 2000, 14 centers from 12 countries collected reliability and/or validity data on at least two of the eight IPAQ instruments. Test-retest repeatability was assessed within the same week. Concurrent (inter-method) validity was assessed at the same administration, and criterion IPAQ validity was assessed against the CSA (now MTI) accelerometer. Spearman's correlation coefficients are reported, based on the total reported physical activity. Overall, the IPAQ questionnaires produced repeatable data (Spearman's rho clustered around 0.8), with comparable data from short and long forms. Criterion validity had a median rho of about 0.30, which was comparable to most other self-report validation studies. The "usual week" and "last 7 d" reference periods performed similarly, and the reliability of telephone administration was similar to the self-administered mode. The IPAQ instruments have acceptable measurement properties, at least as good as other established self-reports. Considering the diverse samples in this study, IPAQ has reasonable measurement properties for monitoring population levels of physical activity among 18- to 65-yr-old adults in diverse settings. The short IPAQ form "last 7 d recall" is recommended for national monitoring and the long form for research requiring more detailed assessment.
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            Inflamm-aging. An evolutionary perspective on immunosenescence.

            C Franceschi, M BonaFe, S Valensin … (2000)
            In this paper we extend the "network theory of aging," and we argue that a global reduction in the capacity to cope with a variety of stressors and a concomitant progressive increase in proinflammatory status are major characteristics of the aging process. This phenomenon, which we will refer to as "inflamm-aging," is provoked by a continuous antigenic load and stress. On the basis of evolutionary studies, we also argue that the immune and the stress responses are equivalent and that antigens are nothing other than particular types of stressors. We also propose to return macrophage to its rightful place as central actor not only in the inflammatory response and immunity, but also in the stress response. The rate of reaching the threshold of proinflammatory status over which diseases/disabilities ensue and the individual capacity to cope with and adapt to stressors are assumed to be complex traits with a genetic component. Finally, we argue that the persistence of inflammatory stimuli over time represents the biologic background (first hit) favoring the susceptibility to age-related diseases/disabilities. A second hit (absence of robust gene variants and/or presence of frail gene variants) is likely necessary to develop overt organ-specific age-related diseases having an inflammatory pathogenesis, such as atherosclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, osteoporosis, and diabetes. Following this perspective, several paradoxes of healthy centenarians (increase of plasma levels of inflammatory cytokines, acute phase proteins, and coagulation factors) are illustrated and explained. In conclusion, the beneficial effects of inflammation devoted to the neutralization of dangerous/harmful agents early in life and in adulthood become detrimental late in life in a period largely not foreseen by evolution, according to the antagonistic pleiotropy theory of aging.
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              Bioelectrical phase angle and impedance vector analysis--clinical relevance and applicability of impedance parameters.

              Kristina Norman, Nicole Stobäus, Matthias Pirlich … (2012)
              The use of phase angle (PhA) and raw parameters of bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) has gained attention as alternative to conventional error-prone calculation of body composition in disease. This review investigates the clinical relevance and applicability of PhA and Bioelectrical Impedance Vector Analysis (BIVA) which uses the plot of resistance and reactance normalized per height. A comprehensive literature search was conducted using Medline identifying studies relevant to this review until March 2011. We included studies on the use of PhA or BIVA derived from tetrapolar BIA in out- and in-patient settings or institutionalized elderly. Numerous studies have proven the prognostic impact of PhA regarding mortality or postoperative complications in different clinical settings. BIVA has been shown to provide information about hydration and body cell mass and therefore allows assessment of patients in whom calculation of body composition fails due to altered hydration. Reference values exist for PhA and BIVA facilitating interpretation of data. PhA, a superior prognostic marker, should be considered as a screening tool for the identification of risk patients with impaired nutritional and functional status, BIVA is recommended for further nutritional assessment and monitoring, in particular when calculation of body composition is not feasible. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd and European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism. All rights reserved.
              Article 0 comments Cited 298 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Alessandra Vincenti: alessandra.vincenti@unipv.it
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): J Nutr Health Aging
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): J Nutr Health Aging
                Title: The Journal of Nutrition, Health & Aging
                Publisher: Springer Paris (Paris )
                ISSN (Print): 1279-7707
                ISSN (Electronic): 1760-4788
                Publication date (Electronic): 3 June 2023
                Publication date PMC-release: 3 June 2023
                Pages: 1-9
                Affiliations
                [1 ]GRID grid.8982.b, ISNI 0000 0004 1762 5736, Laboratory of Dietetics and Clinical Nutrition, Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, , University of Pavia, ; via Bassi 21, 27100 Pavia, Italy
                [2 ]GRID grid.5326.2, ISNI 0000 0001 1940 4177, Institute of Molecular Genetics, , National Research Council of Italy, ; Pavia, Italy
                [3 ]GRID grid.11780.3f, ISNI 0000 0004 1937 0335, Department of Pharmacy, , University of Salerno, ; Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
                [4 ]FlaNat Research Italia Srl, Rho, Italy
                [5 ]GRID grid.418324.8, ISNI 0000 0004 1781 8749, Laboratory Medicine Department - Centro Diagnostico Italiano, ; Milan, Italy
                [6 ]GRID grid.8982.b, ISNI 0000 0004 1762 5736, Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, , University of Pavia, ; Pavia, Italy
                [7 ]Clinical nutrition Unit, General Medicine, ICS MAUGERI IRCCS, Pavia, Italy
                Article
                Publisher ID: 1925
                DOI: 10.1007/s12603-023-1925-x
                PMC ID: 10238773
                PubMed ID: 37357331
                SO-VID: 09ee0f7e-7ab7-4ba4-be3b-15f901b4661b
                Copyright © © The Author(s) 2023
                License:

                Open Access: This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits use, duplication, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license and indicate if changes were made.

                History
                Date received : 17 February 2023
                Date accepted : 13 May 2023
                Categories
                Subject: Original Research

                Keywords: older adults,ageing,omega-3 fatty acids,camelina sativa,alpha-linolenic acid
                Data availability:
                Keywords: older adults, ageing, omega-3 fatty acids, camelina sativa, alpha-linolenic acid

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