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      Anatomy and phylogenetic relationships of Temnodontosaurus zetlandicus (Reptilia: Ichthyosauria)

      1 , 1 , 2 , 3 , 3 , 1
      Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
      Oxford University Press (OUP)

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          Abstract

          Parvipelvia is a major clade of ichthyosaurians that diversified during the Triassic-Jurassic transition. The interrelationships of early parvipelvians remain unclear and many genera are loosely diagnosed, such as Temnodontosaurus, an ecologically important genus from the Early Jurassic of Western Europe. One taxon concentrates many taxonomic issues: ‘Ichthyosaurus’ acutirostris was previously assigned to Temnodontosaurus and for which ‘Ichthyosaurus’ zetlandicus represents a junior synonym. We redescribe the holotype of ‘Ichthyosaurus’ zetlandicus (CAMSM J35176) and a new specimen probably attributable to this taxon (MNHNL TU885) from the Toarcian of Luxembourg. We find that Temnodontosaurus zetlandicus comb. nov. is a valid species that should be referred to the genus Temnodontosaurus, sharing a number of traits with Temnodontosaurus nuertingensis and Temnodontosaurus trigonodon, despite having a distinct cranial architecture. Our phylogenetic analyses under both implied weighting maximum parsimony and Bayesian inference recover T. zetlandicus as closely related to several species currently assigned to Temnodontosaurus. Species included in Temnodontosaurus form a polyphyletic yet well-clustered group among basal neoichthyosaurians, demonstrating that the monophyly of this genus needs to be thoroughly investigated.

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          APE: Analyses of Phylogenetics and Evolution in R language.

          Analysis of Phylogenetics and Evolution (APE) is a package written in the R language for use in molecular evolution and phylogenetics. APE provides both utility functions for reading and writing data and manipulating phylogenetic trees, as well as several advanced methods for phylogenetic and evolutionary analysis (e.g. comparative and population genetic methods). APE takes advantage of the many R functions for statistics and graphics, and also provides a flexible framework for developing and implementing further statistical methods for the analysis of evolutionary processes. The program is free and available from the official R package archive at http://cran.r-project.org/src/contrib/PACKAGES.html#ape. APE is licensed under the GNU General Public License.
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            Creating the CIPRES Science Gateway for inference of large phylogenetic trees

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              TNT version 1.5, including a full implementation of phylogenetic morphometrics

              Version 1.5 of the computer program TNT completely integrates landmark data into phylogenetic analysis. Landmark data consist of coordinates (in two or three dimensions) for the terminal taxa; TNT reconstructs shapes for the internal nodes such that the difference between ancestor and descendant shapes for all tree branches sums up to a minimum; this sum is used as tree score. Landmark data can be analysed alone or in combination with standard characters; all the applicable commands and options in TNT can be used transparently after reading a landmark data set. The program continues implementing all the types of analyses in former versions, including discrete and continuous characters (which can now be read at any scale, and automatically rescaled by TNT). Using algorithms described in this paper, searches for landmark data can be made tens to hundreds of times faster than it was possible before (from T to 3T times faster, where T is the number of taxa), thus making phylogenetic analysis of landmarks feasible even on standard personal computers.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
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                Journal
                Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
                Oxford University Press (OUP)
                0024-4082
                1096-3642
                May 01 2022
                May 07 2022
                February 18 2022
                May 01 2022
                May 07 2022
                February 18 2022
                : 195
                : 1
                : 172-194
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Evolution & Diversity Dynamics Lab, University of Liège, 14 Allée du 6 Août, Liège 4000, Belgium
                [2 ]Palaeontology Department, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, 29, Rue Vautier, 1000 Brussels, Belgium
                [3 ]Palaeontology Departement, Natural History Museum Luxembourg, 25 Rue Münster, L-2160 Luxembourg, Grand-Duchy of Luxembourg
                Article
                10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab118
                09731c2b-6056-4d50-9932-63068adfd2f1
                © 2022

                https://academic.oup.com/journals/pages/open_access/funder_policies/chorus/standard_publication_model

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