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      Agentes Comunitárias de Saúde: o que dizem os estudos internacionais? Translated title: Community Health Workers: what do international studies tell us?

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          Abstract

          Resumo Trata-se de uma revisão narrativa cujo objetivo é compreender o estado da arte da literatura sobre programas de Agentes Comunitárias de Saúde (ACS) no mundo, identificando suas nomenclaturas, práticas, formação e condições trabalhistas. A grande concentração de programas de ACS ainda ocorre em países de baixa e média renda da África (18), Ásia (12) e América Latina (05), com algumas poucas experiências em países de alta renda na América do Norte (02) e Oceania (01). No total foram catalogadas 38 experiências, tendo sido descritas as práticas de cuidado, vigilância, educação, comunicação em saúde, práticas administrativas, de articulação intersetorial e mobilização social. Caracterizou-se os níveis e duração das formações das ACS, assim como as diversas condições de trabalho em cada país. Em grande parte, o trabalho é precarizado, muitas vezes voluntário e realizado por mulheres. A revisão proporcionou um panorama comparativo que pode contribuir para enriquecer o olhar de gestores e tomadores de decisão em contextos de implantação, ampliação e reconfiguração de tais programas.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract This is a narrative review whose objective is to understand the state of the art of the literature on Community Health Worker (CHW) programs worldwide, identifying their nomenclatures, practices, training, and working conditions. The major concentration of CHW programs can still be found in low- and middle-income countries in Africa (18), Asia (12), and Latin America (05), with a few experiences in high-income countries in North America (02) and Oceania (01). In total, 38 experiences were cataloged, and the practices of care, surveillance, education, health communication, administrative practices, intersectoral articulation, and social mobilization were described. The levels and duration of CHW training were characterized, as were the different working conditions in each country. Much of the work is precarious, often voluntary and carried out by women. This review provided a comparative overview that can contribute to enrich the view of managers and decision-makers in contexts of the implementation, expansion, and reconfiguration of such programs.

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          Most cited references47

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          What do we know about community-based health worker programs? A systematic review of existing reviews on community health workers

          Objective To synthesize current understanding of how community-based health worker (CHW) programs can best be designed and operated in health systems. Methods We searched 11 databases for review articles published between 1 January 2005 and 15 June 2017. Review articles on CHWs, defined as non-professional paid or volunteer health workers based in communities, with less than 2 years of training, were included. We assessed the methodological quality of the reviews according to AMSTAR criteria, and we report our findings based on PRISMA standards. Findings We identified 122 reviews (75 systematic reviews, of which 34 are meta-analyses, and 47 non-systematic reviews). Eighty-three of the included reviews were from low- and middle-income countries, 29 were from high-income countries, and 10 were global. CHW programs included in these reviews are diverse in interventions provided, selection and training of CHWs, supervision, remuneration, and integration into the health system. Features that enable positive CHW program outcomes include community embeddedness (whereby community members have a sense of ownership of the program and positive relationships with the CHW), supportive supervision, continuous education, and adequate logistical support and supplies. Effective integration of CHW programs into health systems can bolster program sustainability and credibility, clarify CHW roles, and foster collaboration between CHWs and higher-level health system actors. We found gaps in the review evidence, including on the rights and needs of CHWs, on effective approaches to training and supervision, on CHWs as community change agents, and on the influence of health system decentralization, social accountability, and governance. Conclusion Evidence concerning CHW program effectiveness can help policymakers identify a range of options to consider. However, this evidence needs to be contextualized and adapted in different contexts to inform policy and practice. Advancing the evidence base with context-specific elements will be vital to helping these programs achieve their full potential. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12960-018-0304-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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            Community health workers for pandemic response: a rapid evidence synthesis

            Introduction Coronavirus disease (COVID-19), affects 213 countries or territories globally. We received a request from National Health Systems Resource Centre, a public agency in India, to conduct rapid evidence synthesis (RES) on community health workers (CHWs) for COVID-19 prevention and control in 3 days. Methods We searched PubMed, websites of ministries (n=3), public agencies (n=6), multilateral institutions (n=3), COVID-19 resource aggregators (n=5) and preprints (n=1) (without language restrictions) for articles on CHWs in pandemics. Two reviewers screened the records independently with a third reviewer resolving disagreements. One reviewer extracted data with another reviewer cross-checking it. A framework on CHW performance in primary healthcare not specific to pandemic was used to guide data extraction and narrative analysis. Results We retrieved 211 records and finally included 36 articles. Most of the evidence was from low-and middle-income countries with well-established CHW programmes. Evidence from CHW programmes initiated during pandemics and for CHW involvement in pandemic response in high-income countries was scant. CHW roles and tasks change substantially during pandemics. Clear guidance, training for changed roles and definition of what constitutes essential activities (ie, those that must to be sustained) is required. Most common additional activities during pandemics were community awareness, engagement and sensitisation (including for countering stigma) and contact tracing. CHWs were reported to be involved in all aspects of contact tracing - this was reported to affect routine service delivery. CHWs have often been stigmatised or been socially ostracised during pandemics. Providing PPE, housing allowance, equal training opportunities, transportation allowance, improving salaries (paid on time and for a broad range of services) and awards in high-profile public events contributed to better recruitment and retention. We also created inventories of resources with guiding notes on guidelines for health workers (n=24), self-isolation in the community (n=10) and information, education and counselling materials on COVID-19 (n=16). Conclusions CHWs play a critical role in pandemics. It is important to ensure role clarity, training, supportive supervision, as well as their work satisfaction, health and well-being. More implementation research on CHWs in pandemics is required.
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              Health policy and system support to optimise community health worker programmes: an abridged WHO guideline

              Optimising community health worker (CHW) programmes requires evidence-based policies on their education, deployment, and management. This guideline aims to inform efforts by planners, policy makers, and managers to improve CHW programmes as part of an integrated approach to strengthen primary health care and health systems. The development of this guideline followed the standard WHO approach to developing global guidelines. We conducted one overview of reviews, 15 systematic reviews (each one on a specific policy question), and a survey of stakeholders' views on the acceptability and feasibility of the interventions under consideration. We assessed the quality of systematic reviews using the AMSTAR tool, and the certainty of the evidence using the GRADE methodology. The overview of reviews identified 122 eligible articles and the systematic reviews identified 137 eligible primary studies. The stakeholder perception survey obtained inputs from 96 respondents. Recommendations were developed in the areas of CHW selection, preservice education, certification, supervision, remuneration and career advancement, planning, community embeddedness, and health system support. These are the first evidence-based global guidelines for health policy and system support to optimise community health worker programmes. Key considerations for implementation include the need to define the role of CHWs in relation to other health workers and plan for the health workforce as a whole rather than by specific occupational groups; appropriately integrate CHW programmes into the general health system and existing community systems; and ensure internal coherence and consistency across different policies and programmes affecting CHWs.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                csc
                Ciência & Saúde Coletiva
                Ciênc. saúde coletiva
                ABRASCO - Associação Brasileira de Saúde Coletiva (Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil )
                1413-8123
                1678-4561
                February 2023
                : 28
                : 2
                : 501-520
                Affiliations
                [2] Salvador Bahia orgnameUniversidade Federal da Bahia orgdiv1Instituto de Saúde Coletiva Brazil
                [1] Vitória de Santo Antão Pernambuco orgnameUniversidade Federal de Pernambuco Brazil
                [3] Recife orgnameFundação Oswaldo Cruz orgdiv1Instituto de Pesquisa Aggeu Magalhães Brazil
                Article
                S1413-81232023000200501 S1413-8123(23)02800200501
                10.1590/1413-81232023282.12222022
                08d47608-1f0b-474e-954d-bd53beb6ea0e

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 24 May 2022
                : 12 August 2022
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 47, Pages: 20
                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Categories
                Revisão

                Recursos humanos,Agentes comunitários de saúde,Atenção Primária à Saúde,Política de saúde,Saúde pública,Community health workers,Primary Health Care,Health policy,Public health,Workforce

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