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      Emerging lethal infectious bronchitis coronavirus variants with multiorgan tropism

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          Summary

          Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) causes respiratory diseases in chickens and poses an economic threat to the poultry industry worldwide. Despite vaccine use, there have been field outbreaks of IBV in Taiwan. This study aimed to characterize the emerging IBV variants circulating in Taiwan. The analysis of the structural protein genes showed that these variants emerged through frequent recombination events among Taiwan strains, China strains, Japan strains and vaccine strains. Cross‐neutralization tests revealed that two of the variants exhibited novel serotypes. Clinicopathological assessment showed that two of the variants caused high fatality rates of 67% and 20% in one‐day‐old SPF chicks, and all the variants possessed multiorgan tropisms, including trachea, proventriculus and urogenital tissues. Furthermore, the commercial live‐attenuated Mass‐type vaccine conferred poor protection against these variants. This study identified novel genotypes, serotypes and pathotypes of emerging IBV variants circulating in Taiwan. There is an urgent need for effective countermeasures against these variant strains.

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          Coronavirus avian infectious bronchitis virus.

          Dave Cavanagh (2007)
          Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), the coronavirus of the chicken (Gallus gallus), is one of the foremost causes of economic loss within the poultry industry, affecting the performance of both meat-type and egg-laying birds. The virus replicates not only in the epithelium of upper and lower respiratory tract tissues, but also in many tissues along the alimentary tract and elsewhere e.g. kidney, oviduct and testes. It can be detected in both respiratory and faecal material. There is increasing evidence that IBV can infect species of bird other than the chicken. Interestingly breeds of chicken vary with respect to the severity of infection with IBV, which may be related to the immune response. Probably the major reason for the high profile of IBV is the existence of a very large number of serotypes. Both live and inactivated IB vaccines are used extensively, the latter requiring priming by the former. Their effectiveness is diminished by poor cross-protection. The nature of the protective immune response to IBV is poorly understood. What is known is that the surface spike protein, indeed the amino-terminal S1 half, is sufficient to induce good protective immunity. There is increasing evidence that only a few amino acid differences amongst S proteins are sufficient to have a detrimental impact on cross-protection. Experimental vector IB vaccines and genetically manipulated IBVs--with heterologous spike protein genes--have produced promising results, including in the context of in ovo vaccination.
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            The long view: 40 years of infectious bronchitis research.

            Jonathan Jones, Jane Cook, M Pantin-Jackwood (2011)
            The remit of this review is to provide the non-specialist reader of Avian Pathology with an overview of research carried out on infectious bronchitis over the 40 years since the journal was first published. In order to do this, we felt it necessary to summarize the knowledge acquired previously, since the since the disease was first identified in the 1930s. Infectious bronchitis virus is a significant pathogen in the domestic chicken, affecting the respiratory and renal systems as well as the female reproductive tract. The virus exists in the form of many, ever changing, serotypic or genotypic variants, some of which have global distribution whilst others are found only in more local areas. This review mentions the major discoveries concerning both the virus itself and the types of disease it causes and considers recent changes in its pathogenesis. It also discusses the impact of developments in the field of molecular biology and highlights possible areas for future work.
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              Review of infectious bronchitis virus around the world.

              Mark W. Jackwood (2012)
              Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is a gamma coronavirus that causes a highly contagious disease in chickens. The virus can affect the upper respiratory tract and the reproductive tract, and some strains can cause a nephritis. Different serotypes and genetic types of the virus have been identified worldwide and for the most part do not cross-protect. In addition, new types of the virus continue to arise due to mutations and recombination events in the viral genome, making this virus difficult to identify and extremely difficult to control. Surveillance and identification of IBV types is extremely important for control of the disease and the advancement of molecular methods have aided in this pursuit. Genetic typing of IBV, which involves reverse transcription-PCR amplification and sequence analysis of the S1 glycoprotein gene, has revolutionized diagnosis and identification of this virus by making it possible to type and compare the relatedness of a large number of virus isolates in a short period of time. The purpose of this review is to give an update on the strains of IBV currently circulating in commercial chickens worldwide and hopefully to present a clear picture of the relationship between many of these viruses. The information on IBV types presented herein is from published manuscripts, submissions to GenBank, our own unpublished data, and personal communications with scientists and diagnosticians working with IBV worldwide.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Hui‐Wen Chen:
                ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0595-3420
                winnichen@ntu.edu.tw
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Transbound Emerg Dis
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Transbound Emerg Dis
                Journal ID (doi): 10.1111/(ISSN)1865-1682
                Journal ID (publisher-id): TBED
                Title: Transboundary and Emerging Diseases
                Publisher: John Wiley and Sons Inc. (Hoboken )
                ISSN (Print): 1865-1674
                ISSN (Electronic): 1865-1682
                Publication date (Electronic): 20 November 2019
                Publication date (Print): March 2020
                Volume: 67
                Issue: 2 ( doiID: 10.1111/tbed.v67.2 )
                Pages: 884-893
                Affiliations
                [ 1 ] Department of Veterinary Medicine National Taiwan University Taipei Taiwan
                [ 2 ] Division of Viral Disease and Epidemiology National Institute of Animal Health National Agriculture and Food Research Organization Ibaraki Japan
                [ 3 ] Department of Veterinary Microbiology Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences The University of Tokyo Tokyo Japan
                Author notes
                [*] [* ] Correspondence

                Hui‐Wen Chen, Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University. 1 Sec 4 Roosevelt Rd., Taipei, Taiwan.

                Email: winnichen@ 123456ntu.edu.tw

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0595-3420
                Article
                Publisher ID: TBED13412
                DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13412
                PMC ID: 7138078
                PubMed ID: 31682070
                SO-VID: 08d3851a-7bda-4899-973f-98cbf1f2787a
                Copyright © © 2019 Blackwell Verlag GmbH
                License:

                This article is being made freely available through PubMed Central as part of the COVID-19 public health emergency response. It can be used for unrestricted research re-use and analysis in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source, for the duration of the public health emergency.

                History
                Date received : 13 April 2019
                Date revision received : 21 September 2019
                Date accepted : 30 October 2019
                Page count
                Figures: 5, Tables: 4, Pages: 10, Words: 6703
                Funding
                Funded by: National Taiwan University , open-funder-registry 10.13039/501100006477;
                Funded by: Ministry of Science and Technology , open-funder-registry 10.13039/100007225;
                Award ID: 103‐2321‐B‐002‐066
                Award ID: 104‐2321‐B‐002‐023
                Award ID: 105‐2321‐B‐002‐007
                Award ID: 106‐2311‐B‐002‐030‐MY3
                Categories
                Subject: Original Article
                Subject: Original Articles
                Custom metadata
                source-schema-version-number 2.0
                cover-date March 2020
                details-of-publishers-convertor Converter:WILEY_ML3GV2_TO_JATSPMC version:5.7.9 mode:remove_FC converted:06.04.2020

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Infectious disease & Microbiology
                Keywords: infectious bronchitis virus,multiorgan tropism,pathotype,recombinant variants,serotype
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Infectious disease & Microbiology
                Keywords: infectious bronchitis virus, multiorgan tropism, pathotype, recombinant variants, serotype

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