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      Canadian Society of Transplantation and Canadian Society of Nephrology Commentary on the 2017 KDIGO Clinical Practice Guideline on the Evaluation and Care of Living Kidney Donors

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          Abstract

          Purpose of review:

          To review an international guideline on the evaluation and care of living kidney donors and provide a commentary on the applicability of the recommendations to the Canadian donor population.

          Sources of information:

          We reviewed the 2017 Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) Clinical Practice Guideline on the Evaluation and Care of Living Kidney Donors and compared this guideline to the Canadian 2014 Kidney Paired Donation (KPD) Protocol for Participating Donors.

          Methods:

          A working group was formed consisting of members from the Canadian Society of Transplantation and the Canadian Society of Nephrology. Members were selected to have representation from across Canada and in various subspecialties related to living kidney donation, including nephrology, surgery, transplantation, pediatrics, and ethics.

          Key findings:

          Many of the KDIGO Guideline recommendations align with the KPD Protocol recommendations. Canadian researchers have contributed to much of the evidence on donor evaluation and outcomes used to support the KDIGO Guideline recommendations.

          Limitations:

          Certain outcomes and risk assessment tools have yet to be validated in the Canadian donor population.

          Implications:

          Living kidney donors should be counseled on the risks of postdonation outcomes given recent evidence, understanding the limitations of the literature with respect to its generalizability to the Canadian donor population.

          Abrégé

          Justification:

          Examiner une directive internationale sur l’évaluation et la prise en charge des donneurs vivants d’un rein et formuler un commentaire sur l’applicabilité de ces recommandations à la population des donneurs canadiens.

          Sources:

          Nous avons révisé le guide des pratiques cliniques relatives à l’évaluation et à la prise en charge des donneurs vivants d’un rein ( Clinical Practice Guideline for Evaluation and Care of Living Kidney Donors ) de 2017 du KDIGO ( Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes ) et nous l’avons comparé aux recommandations canadiennes de 2014 du Protocole de don croisé d’un rein par donneurs participants ( Kidney Paired Donation Protocol for Participating Donors ).

          Méthodologie:

          Un groupe de travail réunissant des membres de la Société canadienne de transplantation et de la Société canadienne de néphrologie a été formé. Les membres ont été sélectionnés pour représenter tout le Canada et plusieurs sous-spécialisations relatives au don vivant d’un rein, notamment la néphrologie, la chirurgie, la transplantation, la pédiatrie et l’éthique.

          Principales constatations:

          Plusieurs des recommandations du KDIGO s’harmonisent aux recommandations du protocole de don croisé d’un rein. Les chercheurs canadiens ont contribué en grande partie aux données sur l’évaluation des donneurs et des résultats utilisées pour appuyer les recommandations formulées dans les lignes directrices du KDIGO.

          Limites:

          Certains résultats et outils d’évaluation des risques doivent encore être validés dans la population des donneurs canadiens.

          Conclusion:

          Compte tenu des plus récentes données, les donneurs vivants d’un rein devraient être mis en garde concernant les risques sur leur santé post-don, tout en comprenant les limites de la littérature en ce qui concerne leur généralisabilité à la population de donneurs canadiens.

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          Most cited references85

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          Relation between kidney function, proteinuria, and adverse outcomes.

          The current staging system for chronic kidney disease is based primarily on estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) with lower eGFR associated with higher risk of adverse outcomes. Although proteinuria is also associated with adverse outcomes, it is not used to refine risk estimates of adverse events in this current system. To determine the association between reduced GFR, proteinuria, and adverse clinical outcomes. Community-based cohort study with participants identified from a province-wide laboratory registry that includes eGFR and proteinuria measurements from Alberta, Canada, between 2002 and 2007. There were 920 985 adults who had at least 1 outpatient serum creatinine measurement and who did not require renal replacement treatment at baseline. Proteinuria was assessed by urine dipstick or albumin-creatinine ratio (ACR). All-cause mortality, myocardial infarction, and progression to kidney failure. The majority of individuals (89.1%) had an eGFR of 60 mL/min/1.73 m(2) or greater. Over median follow-up of 35 months (range, 0-59 months), 27 959 participants (3.0%) died. The fully adjusted rate of all-cause mortality was higher in study participants with lower eGFRs or heavier proteinuria. Adjusted mortality rates were more than 2-fold higher among individuals with heavy proteinuria measured by urine dipstick and eGFR of 60 mL/min/1.73 m(2) or greater, as compared with those with eGFR of 45 to 59.9 mL/min/1.73 m(2) and normal protein excretion (rate, 7.2 [95% CI, 6.6-7.8] vs 2.9 [95% CI, 2.7-3.0] per 1000 person-years, respectively; rate ratio, 2.5 [95% CI, 2.3-2.7]). Similar results were observed when proteinuria was measured by ACR (15.9 [95% CI, 14.0-18.1] and 7.0 [95% CI, 6.4-7.6] per 1000 person-years for heavy and absent proteinuria, respectively; rate ratio, 2.3 [95% CI, 2.0-2.6]) and for the outcomes of hospitalization with acute myocardial infarction, end-stage renal disease, and doubling of serum creatinine level. The risks of mortality, myocardial infarction, and progression to kidney failure associated with a given level of eGFR are independently increased in patients with higher levels of proteinuria.
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            Hypertension Canada’s 2018 Guidelines for Diagnosis, Risk Assessment, Prevention, and Treatment of Hypertension in Adults and Children

            Hypertension Canada provides annually updated, evidence-based guidelines for the diagnosis, assessment, prevention, and treatment of hypertension in adults and children. This year, the adult and pediatric guidelines are combined in one document. The new 2018 pregnancy-specific hypertension guidelines are published separately. For 2018, 5 new guidelines are introduced, and 1 existing guideline on the blood pressure thresholds and targets in the setting of thrombolysis for acute ischemic stroke is revised. The use of validated wrist devices for the estimation of blood pressure in individuals with large arm circumference is now included. Guidance is provided for the follow-up measurements of blood pressure, with the use of standardized methods and electronic (oscillometric) upper arm devices in individuals with hypertension, and either ambulatory blood pressure monitoring or home blood pressure monitoring in individuals with white coat effect. We specify that all individuals with hypertension should have an assessment of global cardiovascular risk to promote health behaviours that lower blood pressure. Finally, an angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitor combination should be used in place of either an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or angiotensin receptor blocker in individuals with heart failure (with ejection fraction < 40%) who are symptomatic despite appropriate doses of guideline-directed heart failure therapies. The specific evidence and rationale underlying each of these guidelines are discussed.
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              Preeclampsia and the risk of end-stage renal disease.

              It is unknown whether preeclampsia is a risk marker for subsequent end-stage renal disease (ESRD). We linked data from the Medical Birth Registry of Norway, which contains data on all births in Norway since 1967, with data from the Norwegian Renal Registry, which contains data on all patients receiving a diagnosis of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) since 1980, to assess the association between preeclampsia in one or more pregnancies and the subsequent development of ESRD. The study population consisted of women who had had a first singleton birth between 1967 and 1991; we included data from up to three pregnancies. ESRD developed in 477 of 570,433 women a mean (+/-SD) of 17+/-9 years after the first pregnancy (overall rate, 3.7 per 100,000 women per year). Among women who had been pregnant one or more times, preeclampsia during the first pregnancy was associated with a relative risk of ESRD of 4.7 (95% confidence interval [CI], 3.6 to 6.1). Among women who had been pregnant two or more times, preeclampsia during the first pregnancy was associated with a relative risk of ESRD of 3.2 (95% CI, 2.2 to 4.9), preeclampsia during the second pregnancy with a relative risk of 6.7 (95% CI, 4.3 to 10.6), and preeclampsia during both pregnancies with a relative risk of 6.4 (95% CI, 3.0 to 13.5). Among women who had been pregnant three or more times, preeclampsia during one pregnancy was associated with a relative risk of ESRD of 6.3 (95% CI, 4.1 to 9.9), and preeclampsia during two or three pregnancies was associated with a relative risk of 15.5 (95% CI, 7.8 to 30.8). Having a low-birth-weight or preterm infant increased the relative risk of ESRD. The results were similar after adjustment for possible confounders and after exclusion of women who had kidney disease, rheumatic disease, essential hypertension, or diabetes mellitus before pregnancy. Although the absolute risk of ESRD in women who have had preeclampsia is low, preeclampsia is a marker for an increased risk of subsequent ESRD. 2008 Massachusetts Medical Society
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Can J Kidney Health Dis
                Can J Kidney Health Dis
                CJK
                spcjk
                Canadian Journal of Kidney Health and Disease
                SAGE Publications (Sage CA: Los Angeles, CA )
                2054-3581
                9 June 2020
                2020
                : 7
                : 2054358120918457
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Division of Nephrology, University of Calgary, AB, Canada
                [2 ]Division of Nephrology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
                [3 ]Division of Nephrology, Université de Montréal, QC, Canada
                [4 ]Division of Pediatric Nephrology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
                [5 ]Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
                [6 ]Division of Nephrology, Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Québec, Québec City, Canada
                [7 ]Division of Nephrology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
                [8 ]Division of Nephrology, University of Ottawa, ON, Canada
                [9 ]Division of Nephrology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
                [10 ]Division of Urology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
                [11 ]Division of Nephrology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
                [12 ]Division of Nephrology, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
                [13 ]Section of Nephrology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
                Author notes
                [*]Ngan N. Lam, Division of Nephrology, University of Calgary, 3230 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 4Z6. Email: ngan.lam@ 123456ucalgary.ca
                [*]Jagbir Gill, Division of Nephrology, University of British Columbia, 1081 Burrard Street, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6Z 1Y6. Email: JAGill@ 123456providencehealth.bc.ca
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0129-7091
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0560-0948
                Article
                10.1177_2054358120918457
                10.1177/2054358120918457
                7288834
                32577294
                08928255-36f2-4f55-9dc3-10c66d1aaa9c
                © The Author(s) 2020

                This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits non-commercial use, reproduction and distribution of the work without further permission provided the original work is attributed as specified on the SAGE and Open Access pages ( https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/open-access-at-sage).

                History
                : 20 January 2020
                : 25 February 2020
                Categories
                Guideline/Guideline Commentary
                Custom metadata
                January-December 2020
                ts1

                assessment,canada,evaluation,follow-up care,kidney transplantation,living kidney donor

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