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      Comunicação Alternativa para Alunos com Autismo na Escola: uma Revisão da Literatura Translated title: Alternative Communication for Students with Autism at School: a Literature Review

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          Abstract

          RESUMO: Estudos meta-analíticos e descritivos conduzidos nas últimas décadas têm demonstrado a efetividade da Comunicação Alternativa e Ampliada (CAA) para pessoas com Transtorno do Espectro Autista (TEA). A maior parte dessas investigações tem focado, contudo, na efetividade clínica da CAA sem atentar para os aspectos pragmáticos da comunicação assistida em contextos não estruturados, como a escola. O objetivo desta investigação foi ampliar, por meio de uma revisão integrativa da literatura, o acervo de pesquisas tratadas em revisões anteriores e, assim, analisar os contextos em que a CAA foi utilizada com educandos com TEA na escola regular. Para isso, foi realizada uma busca no portal de periódicos da Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) e no catálogo eletrônico de teses e dissertações dessa mesma agência com termos previamente definidos. As oito pesquisas encontradas, publicadas entre 2015 e 2018, incluíram participantes entre 3 e 12 anos de idade que utilizavam sistemas assistidos de comunicação, sendo predominantes as pranchas/álbuns de CAA ou pictogramas avulsos. Todos os estudos foram conduzidos na sala de aula regular e/ou nas Salas de Recursos Multifuncionais, mas dois deles incluíram o ambiente domiciliar. A despeito do uso da CAA em contextos naturais envolver interlocutores conhecidos, foram identificadas lacunas em aspectos pragmáticos da comunicação dos educandos. Observou-se a predominância da comunicação imperativa, a qual focava primordialmente nos comportamentos pragmáticos de solicitação. Embora limitações tenham sido identificadas, os estudos revelaram resultados positivos sobre o uso da CAA para alunos com TEA.

          Translated abstract

          ABSTRACT: Meta-analytical and descriptive studies conducted in recent decades have demonstrated the effectiveness of Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC) for people with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD). Most of these investigations have focused, however, on the clinical effectiveness of AAC without considering pragmatic aspects of assisted communication in unstructured contexts, such as schools. Te aim of this investigation was to expand, through an integrative literature review, the current body of research, analyzing the contexts where AAC was used with students with ASD in regular schools. In this sense, a search was carried out on the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES) journals portal and on the electronic catalog of theses and dissertations of this same agency with previously defined terms Te eight studies found, published between 2015 and 2018, included participants between 3 and 12 years of age who used assisted communication systems, primarily AAC boards and picture cards. All studies were conducted in the regular classroom and / or Multifunctional Resource Rooms, but two included the home environment. Despite the use of AAC in natural contexts, involving known interlocutors, gaps were identified in pragmatic aspects of student communication. Tere was a predominance of imperative communication, focusing primarily on pragmatic solicitation behaviors. Despite the limitations identified, the studies revealed positive results on the use of AAC for students with ASD.

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          Most cited references38

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          Prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorder Among Children Aged 8 Years — Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 11 Sites, United States, 2016

          Problem/Condition Autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Period Covered 2016. Description of System The Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring (ADDM) Network is an active surveillance program that provides estimates of the prevalence of ASD among children aged 8 years whose parents or guardians live in 11 ADDM Network sites in the United States (Arizona, Arkansas, Colorado, Georgia, Maryland, Minnesota, Missouri, New Jersey, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Wisconsin). Surveillance is conducted in two phases. The first phase involves review and abstraction of comprehensive evaluations that were completed by medical and educational service providers in the community. In the second phase, experienced clinicians who systematically review all abstracted information determine ASD case status. The case definition is based on ASD criteria described in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition. Results For 2016, across all 11 sites, ASD prevalence was 18.5 per 1,000 (one in 54) children aged 8 years, and ASD was 4.3 times as prevalent among boys as among girls. ASD prevalence varied by site, ranging from 13.1 (Colorado) to 31.4 (New Jersey). Prevalence estimates were approximately identical for non-Hispanic white (white), non-Hispanic black (black), and Asian/Pacific Islander children (18.5, 18.3, and 17.9, respectively) but lower for Hispanic children (15.4). Among children with ASD for whom data on intellectual or cognitive functioning were available, 33% were classified as having intellectual disability (intelligence quotient [IQ] ≤70); this percentage was higher among girls than boys (40% versus 32%) and among black and Hispanic than white children (47%, 36%, and 27%, respectively). Black children with ASD were less likely to have a first evaluation by age 36 months than were white children with ASD (40% versus 45%). The overall median age at earliest known ASD diagnosis (51 months) was similar by sex and racial and ethnic groups; however, black children with IQ ≤70 had a later median age at ASD diagnosis than white children with IQ ≤70 (48 months versus 42 months). Interpretation The prevalence of ASD varied considerably across sites and was higher than previous estimates since 2014. Although no overall difference in ASD prevalence between black and white children aged 8 years was observed, the disparities for black children persisted in early evaluation and diagnosis of ASD. Hispanic children also continue to be identified as having ASD less frequently than white or black children. Public Health Action These findings highlight the variability in the evaluation and detection of ASD across communities and between sociodemographic groups. Continued efforts are needed for early and equitable identification of ASD and timely enrollment in services.
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            Effects of augmentative and alternative communication intervention on speech production in children with autism: a systematic review.

            This systematic review aimed to determine the effects of augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) intervention on speech production in children with autism or pervasive developmental disorder-not otherwise specified. A systematic review methodology was utilized to limit bias in searching, selecting, coding, and synthesizing relevant treatment studies. This involved a multifaceted search for studies written between 1975 and May 2007 using various bibliographic databases, dissertation databases, hand searches of selected journals and published compilations of AAC theses and dissertations, and ancestry searches. To be included, studies had to meet stringent criteria. A coding manual and form facilitated data extraction in terms of participant characteristics, treatment characteristics, design and measurement, and outcomes. Nine single-subject experimental design (27 participants) and 2 group studies (98 participants) were included. Results indicated that AAC interventions do not impede speech production. In fact, most studies reported an increase in speech production. However, in-depth analyses revealed that the gains were rather modest. Although AAC interventions do not appear to impede speech production and may result in increased speech production, the modest gains observed require realistic expectations among clinicians and other stakeholders. Future research should be more hypothesis driven and aim to identify predictive child characteristics, such as prior speech imitation and object exploration skills.
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              Revisão integrati va: o que é e como fazer

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                rbee
                Revista Brasileira de Educação Especial
                Rev. bras. educ. espec.
                Associação Brasileira de Pesquisadores em Educação Especial - ABPEE (Bauru, SP, Brazil )
                1413-6538
                1980-5470
                2021
                : 27
                : e0212
                Affiliations
                [1] Natal Rio Grande do Norte orgnameUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte orgdiv1Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação Brazil deboranunesead@ 123456gmail.com
                [2] Natal Rio Grande do Norte orgname Brasil joaopaulodsb@ 123456gmail.com
                [3] Rio de Janeiro orgnameUniversidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro orgdiv1Faculdade de Educação orgdiv2Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação Brazil leilareginanunes@ 123456gmail.com
                Article
                S1413-65382021000100405 S1413-6538(21)02700000405
                10.1590/1980-54702021v27e0212
                086c687b-a3c7-4a0f-b114-bcae4eef227b

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 27 February 2021
                : 12 October 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 39, Pages: 0
                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Categories
                Revisão de Literatura

                Augmentative and Alternative Communication,Pragmatic Language,Autism Spectrum Disorder,Transtorno do Espectro Autista,Comunicação Alternativa,Linguagem pragmática

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