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      Pulmonary strain and end-expiratory lung volume during apnea test: a comparative analysis using electrical impedance tomography Translated title: Stress pulmonar y volumen pulmonar de fin de es piración durante el test de apnea: estudio compara tivo utilizando tomografía por impedancia eléctrica

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          Abstract

          Abstract The apnea test, employed for brain death assessment, aims to demonstrate the absence of respiratory drive due to hypercapnia. The tracheal oxygen insufflation apnea test mode (I-AT) involves disconnecting the pa tient from invasive mechanical ventilation (iMV) for ap proximately 8 minutes while maintaining oxygenation. This test supports the diagnosis of brain death based on a specified increase in PaCO2. Common complications include hypoxemia and hemodynamic instability, and lung collapse-induced reduction in end-expiratory lung volume (EELV). In our case series utilizing electrical impedance to mography (EIT), we observed that continuous positive airway pressure during the apnea test (CPAP-AT) effec tively mitigated lung collapse. This resulted in improved pulmonary strain compared to the disconnection of iMV. These findings suggest the potential benefits of routine CPAP-AT, particularly for potential lung donors, emphasizing the relevance of our study in providing quantitative insights into EELV loss and its association with pulmonary strain and potential lung injury.

          Translated abstract

          Resumen La prueba de apnea es una técnica diagnóstica am pliamente utilizada para la evaluación de la muerte cerebral, con el objetivo de demostrar la ausencia de impulso respiratorio debido a la hipercapnia. La variante de la prueba de apnea con insuflación de oxígeno traqueal (I-AT) implica desconectar al pacien te de la ventilación mecánica invasiva (iVM) durante aproximadamente 8 minutos, manteniendo la oxigena ción mediante un catéter de insuflación. Esta prueba respalda el diagnóstico de muerte cerebral cuando se determina un aumento de la PaCO2 superior a 20 mmHg en comparación con el valor inicial o un nivel de PaCO2 superior a 60 mmHg al final de la prueba. En nuestra serie de casos, la implementación de la tomografía de impedancia eléctrica (EIT) reveló que la prueba de apnea con presión positiva continua (CPAP-AT) mitiga eficazmente el colapso pulmonar. Este enfo que resulta en una mejora en la tensión pulmonar en comparación con la desconexión de iMV, demostrando su relevancia en el contexto de potenciales donantes de pulmones.

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          Most cited references16

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          Effect of Lung Recruitment and Titrated Positive End-Expiratory Pressure (PEEP) vs Low PEEP on Mortality in Patients With Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

          The effects of recruitment maneuvers and positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) titration on clinical outcomes in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) remain uncertain.
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            Lung stress and strain during mechanical ventilation for acute respiratory distress syndrome.

            Lung injury caused by a ventilator results from nonphysiologic lung stress (transpulmonary pressure) and strain (inflated volume to functional residual capacity ratio). To determine whether plateau pressure and tidal volume are adequate surrogates for stress and strain, and to quantify the stress to strain relationship in patients and control subjects. Nineteen postsurgical healthy patients (group 1), 11 patients with medical diseases (group 2), 26 patients with acute lung injury (group 3), and 24 patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (group 4) underwent a positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) trial (5 and 15 cm H2O) with 6, 8, 10, and 12 ml/kg tidal volume. Plateau airway pressure, lung and chest wall elastances, and lung stress and strain significantly increased from groups 1 to 4 and with increasing PEEP and tidal volume. Within each group, a given applied airway pressure produced largely variable stress due to the variability of the lung elastance to respiratory system elastance ratio (range, 0.33-0.95). Analogously, for the same applied tidal volume, the strain variability within subgroups was remarkable, due to the functional residual capacity variability. Therefore, low or high tidal volume, such as 6 and 12 ml/kg, respectively, could produce similar stress and strain in a remarkable fraction of patients in each subgroup. In contrast, the stress to strain ratio-that is, specific lung elastance-was similar throughout the subgroups (13.4 +/- 3.4, 12.6 +/- 3.0, 14.4 +/- 3.6, and 13.5 +/- 4.1 cm H2O for groups 1 through 4, respectively; P = 0.58) and did not change with PEEP and tidal volume. Plateau pressure and tidal volume are inadequate surrogates for lung stress and strain. Clinical trial registered with www.clinicaltrials.gov (NCT 00143468).
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              Lung volume calculated from electrical impedance tomography in ICU patients at different PEEP levels

              Purpose To study and compare the relationship between end-expiratory lung volume (EELV) and changes in end-expiratory lung impedance (EELI) measured with electrical impedance tomography (EIT) at the basal part of the lung at different PEEP levels in a mixed ICU population. Methods End-expiratory lung volume, EELI and tidal impedance variation were determined at four PEEP levels (15–10–5–0 cm H2O) in 25 ventilated ICU patients. The tidal impedance variation and tidal volume at 5 cm H2O PEEP were used to calculate change in impedance per ml; this ratio was then used to calculate change in lung volume from change in EELI. To evaluate repeatability, EELV was measured in quadruplicate in five additional patients. Results There was a significant but relatively low correlation (r = 0.79; R 2 = 0.62) and moderate agreement (bias 194 ml, SD 323 ml) between ∆EELV and change in lung volume calculated from the ∆EELI. The ratio of tidal impedance variation and tidal volume differed between patients and also varied at different PEEP levels. Good agreement was found between repeated EELV measurements and washin/washout of a simulated nitrogen washout technique. Conclusion During a PEEP trial, the assumption of a linear relationship between change in global tidal impedance and tidal volume cannot be used to calculate EELV when impedance is measured at only one thoracic level just above the diaphragm. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00134-009-1512-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                medba
                Medicina (Buenos Aires)
                Medicina (B. Aires)
                Fundación Revista Medicina (Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, , Argentina )
                0025-7680
                1669-9106
                June 2024
                : 84
                : 2
                : 359-363
                Affiliations
                [1] orgnameHospital Italiano de Buenos Aires orgdiv1Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos Argentina
                Article
                S0025-76802024000300359 S0025-7680(24)08400200359
                081408c3-0fdf-4ee1-a70a-f7e7a8690d82

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 13 March 2024
                : 23 November 2023
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 16, Pages: 5
                Product

                SciELO Argentina


                Continuous positive pressure airway,Apnea test,Brain death,Electrical impedance tomography,Presión positiva con tinua en la vía aérea,Test de apnea,Muerte encefálica,Tomografía por impedancia eléctrica

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