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      Gender-based constraints affecting biofortified cassava production, processing and marketing among men and women adopters in Oyo and Benue States, Nigeria

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          Abstract

          This study identified gender-based constraints affecting the production, processing and marketing of biofortified cassava in two states in Nigeria, using a mixed methods approach. The study identified major differences between the two study sites (Benue and Oyo). The scale of production of biofortified cassava is higher in Oyo state among adult men because of their active involvement and collaboration with research institutes within the state and the ease of transporting products to Lagos State for designated diverse markets. However, in Benue state more adult and young women are engaged in cultivation, processing and marketing business to meet up with the increased demand due to higher consumer acceptance in this region. Gender analysis revealed that lack of access to hired-labour restricted the scale of production among women in especially Oyo state. Low product price and high price of processing equipment, poor market infrastructure and middle men exploitation were constraints significantly more mentioned by women in general. Majorly, the men identified limited processing facilities/equipment as the most important constraint affecting the demand of biofortified cassava roots, while generally women were more constrained by the shortage of basic amenities and trainings that hindered their processing efficiency. The study proposes integration of gender-responsive strategies to further enhance the delivery of biofortified cassava products in Nigeria.

          Highlights

          • Observed drivers of biofortified cassava production, processing and marketing varied among men and women adopters in Nigeria.

          • Gender analysis show different importance on constraints experienced by men and women along the biofortified cassava value chain.

          • Study informed gender responsive strategies to address the identified gendered and regional constraints.

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          Biofortification: Progress toward a more nourishing future

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            Prevalence of Vitamin A Deficiency in South Asia: Causes, Outcomes, and Possible Remedies

            Vitamin A deficiency (VAD) has been recognized as a public-health issue in developing countries. Economic constraints, sociocultural limitations, insufficient dietary intake, and poor absorption leading to depleted vitamin A stores in the body have been regarded as potential determinants of the prevalence of VAD in South Asian developing countries. VAD is exacerbated by lack of education, poor sanitation, absence of new legislation and enforcement of existing food laws, and week monitoring and surveillance system. Several recent estimates confirmed higher morbidly and mortality rate among children and pregnant and non-pregnant women of childbearing age. Xerophthalmia is the leading cause of preventable childhood blindness with its earliest manifestations as night blindness and Bitot's spots, followed by blinding keratomalacia, all of which are the ocular manifestations of VAD. Children need additional vitamin A because they do not consume enough in their normal diet. There are three general ways for improving vitamin A status: supplementation, fortification, and dietary diversification. These approaches have not solved the problem in South Asian countries to the desired extent because of poor governmental support and supervision of vitamin A supplementation twice a year. An extensive review of the extant literature was carried out, and the data under various sections were identified by using a computerized bibliographic search via PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. All abstracts and full-text articles were examined, and the most relevant articles were selected for screening and inclusion in this review. Conclusively, high prevalence of VAD in South Asian developing countries leads to increased morbidity and mortality among infants, children, and pregnant women. Therefore, stern efforts are needed to address this issue of public-health significance at local and international level in lower- and middle-income countries of South Asia.
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              Cassava Trait Preferences of Men and Women Farmers in Nigeria: Implications for Breeding

              Nigeria is the world’s largest cassava producer, hosting a diverse array of cassava farmers and processors. Cassava breeding programs prioritize “common denominator” traits in setting breeding agendas, to impact the largest possible number of people through improved varieties. This approach has been successful, but cassava adoption rates are less than expected, with room for improvement by integrating traits in demand by farmers and processors. This paper aims to inform breeding priority setting, by examining trait and varietal preferences of men and women cassava farmer/processors. Men and women in eight communities in Southwest and Southeast Nigeria were consulted using mixed methods. Women and men had significantly different patterns of cassava use in the Southwest. Fifty-five variety names were recorded from the communities demonstrating high genetic diversity maintained by growers, especially in the Southeast. High yield, early maturity, and root size were most important traits across both regions, while traits women and men preferred followed gender roles: women prioritized product quality/cooking traits, while men placed higher priority on agronomic traits. Trait preference patterns differed significantly between the Southeast and Southwest, and showed differentiation based on gender. Patterns of access to stem sources were determined more by region and religion than gender.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Physiol Mol Plant Pathol
                Physiol. Mol. Plant Pathol
                Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology
                Academic Press
                0885-5765
                1096-1178
                1 January 2019
                January 2019
                : 105
                : 17-27
                Affiliations
                [a ]International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan, Nigeria
                [b ]AUPWAE, Gender and Development Consultant, Kampala, Uganda
                [c ]Gender-Responsive Researchers Equipped for Agricultural Transformation (GREAT) RTB Fellows, Nigeria
                [d ]CIAT HarvestPlus, Nigeria
                Author notes
                []Corresponding author. IITA Headquarters & West Africa Hub PMB 5320, Oyo Road, Ibadan, 200001, Oyo State, Nigeria. D.Olaosebikan@ 123456cgiar.org
                [1]

                Computed data analysis for first manuscript submission.

                Article
                S0885-5765(18)30045-6
                10.1016/j.pmpp.2018.11.007
                6472612
                31007372
                0801fa73-ce72-416c-ba15-a87ab9e2c149
                © 2018 The Authors

                This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                : 31 January 2018
                : 29 October 2018
                : 25 November 2018
                Categories
                Article

                biofortified-cassava,constraints,gender,nigeria
                biofortified-cassava, constraints, gender, nigeria

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