Diseño y desarrollo de una arquitectura electrónica bioinspirada para el control de sistemas de asistencia a la locomoción

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Abstract

Este artículo presenta el diseño y desarrollo de una arquitectura electrónica bioinspirada en el sistema motor humano para sistemas de asistencia a la locomoción, como es en el caso de exoesqueletos de asistencia o de rehabilitación. La arquitectura propuesta se divide en tres niveles jerárquicos y se implementa en ROS2, facilitando la modularidad y el paralelismo en la ejecución y funcionamiento del sistema. La propuesta ha sido implementada en un prototipo de exoesqueleto denominado Discover2Walk. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que la propuesta puede aplicarse a ambos tipos de aplicación de exoesqueletos, tanto para rehabilitación como para asistencia. Entre las ventajas que ofrece esta arquitectura, destacan una mayor modularidad, la mejora de la compatibilidad con lenguajes de programación, la escalabilidad, la interoperabilidad con otros sistemas de robótica y automatización, el soporte para aplicaciones distribuidas y la facilidad de supervisión y control. La arquitectura de control que se presenta puede llegar a ser adoptada en futuras plataformas robóticas y exoesqueletos, mejorando el control motor de la marcha y ofreciendo terapias más personalizadas.

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Control strategies for active lower extremity prosthetics and orthotics: a review

Michael R Tucker, Jeremy Olivier, Anna Pagel … (2015)

Technological advancements have led to the development of numerous wearable robotic devices for the physical assistance and restoration of human locomotion. While many challenges remain with respect to the mechanical design of such devices, it is at least equally challenging and important to develop strategies to control them in concert with the intentions of the user. This work reviews the state-of-the-art techniques for controlling portable active lower limb prosthetic and orthotic (P/O) devices in the context of locomotive activities of daily living (ADL), and considers how these can be interfaced with the user’s sensory-motor control system. This review underscores the practical challenges and opportunities associated with P/O control, which can be used to accelerate future developments in this field. Furthermore, this work provides a classification scheme for the comparison of the various control strategies. As a novel contribution, a general framework for the control of portable gait-assistance devices is proposed. This framework accounts for the physical and informatic interactions between the controller, the user, the environment, and the mechanical device itself. Such a treatment of P/Os – not as independent devices, but as actors within an ecosystem – is suggested to be necessary to structure the next generation of intelligent and multifunctional controllers. Each element of the proposed framework is discussed with respect to the role that it plays in the assistance of locomotion, along with how its states can be sensed as inputs to the controller. The reviewed controllers are shown to fit within different levels of a hierarchical scheme, which loosely resembles the structure and functionality of the nominal human central nervous system (CNS). Active and passive safety mechanisms are considered to be central aspects underlying all of P/O design and control, and are shown to be critical for regulatory approval of such devices for real-world use. The works discussed herein provide evidence that, while we are getting ever closer, significant challenges still exist for the development of controllers for portable powered P/O devices that can seamlessly integrate with the user’s neuromusculoskeletal system and are practical for use in locomotive ADL.

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Adaptive control of a variable-impedance ankle-foot orthosis to assist drop-foot gait.

Joaquin Blaya, Hugh Herr (2004)

An active ankle-foot orthoses (AAFO) is presented where the impedance of the orthotic joint is modulated throughout the walking cycle to treat drop-foot gait. During controlled plantar flexion, a biomimetic torsional spring control is applied where orthotic joint stiffness is actively adjusted to minimize forefoot collisions with the ground. Throughout late stance, joint impedance is minimized so as not to impede powered plantar flexion movements, and during the swing phase, a torsional spring-damper control lifts the foot to provide toe clearance. To assess the clinical effects of variable-impedance control, kinetic and kinematic gait data were collected on two drop-foot participants wearing the AAFO. For each participant, zero, constant, and variable impedance control strategies were evaluated and the results were compared to the mechanics of three age, weight, and height matched normals. We find that actively adjusting joint impedance reduces the occurrence of slap foot allows greater powered plantar flexion and provides for less kinematic difference during swing when compared to normals. These results indicate that a variable-impedance orthosis may have certain clinical benefits for the treatment of drop-foot gait compared to conventional ankle-foot orthoses having zero or constant stiffness joint behaviors.