Reuse of phosphogypsum as hemihydrate gypsum: The negative effect and content control of H3PO4

Citric acid plays an important role as a stabilizer in several nanomaterial syntheses and is a common organic acid found in nature. Here, the adsorption of citric acid onto TiO(2) anatase nanoparticles with a particle diameter of ca. 4 nm is investigated at circumneutral and acidic pHs. This study focuses on both the details of the surface chemistry of citric acid on TiO(2), including measurements of surface coverage and speciation, and its impact on nanoparticle behavior. Using macroscopic and molecular-based probes, citric acid adsorption and nanoparticle interactions are measured with quantitative solution phase adsorption measurements, attenuated total reflection-FTIR spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering techniques, and zeta-potential measurements as a function of solution pH. The results show that surface coverage is a function of pH and decreases with increasing pH. Surface speciation differs from the bulk solution and is time dependent. After equilibration, the fully deprotonated citrate ion is present on the surface regardless of the highly acidic solution pH indicating pK(a) values of surface adsorbed species are lower than those in solution. Nanoparticle interactions are also probed through measurements of aggregation and the data show that these interactions are complex and depend on the detailed interplay between bulk solution pH and surface chemistry.