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      Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Neurodegenerative Disorders: Current Evidence in Support of Benefit from Sleep Apnea Treatment

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          Abstract

          Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a prevalent disorder characterized by recurrent upper airway obstruction during sleep resulting in intermittent hypoxemia and sleep fragmentation. Research has recently increasingly focused on the impact of OSA on the brain’s structure and function, in particular as this relates to neurodegenerative diseases. This article reviews the links between OSA and neurodegenerative disease, focusing on Parkinson’s disease, including proposed pathogenic mechanisms and current knowledge on the effects of treatment.

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          The role of executive function and attention in gait.

          Galit Yogev-Seligmann, Jeffrey M. Hausdorff, Nir Giladi (2008)
          Until recently, gait was generally viewed as a largely automated motor task, requiring minimal higher-level cognitive input. Increasing evidence, however, links alterations in executive function and attention to gait disturbances. This review discusses the role of executive function and attention in healthy walking and gait disorders while summarizing the relevant, recent literature. We describe the variety of gait disorders that may be associated with different aspects of executive function, and discuss the changes occurring in executive function as a result of aging and disease as well the potential impact of these changes on gait. The attentional demands of gait are often tested using dual tasking methodologies. Relevant studies in healthy adults and patients are presented, as are the possible mechanisms responsible for the deterioration of gait during dual tasking. Lastly, we suggest how assessments of executive function and attention could be applied in the clinical setting as part of the process of identifying and understanding gait disorders and fall risk. 2007 Movement Disorder Society
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            Risk and predictors of dementia and parkinsonism in idiopathic REM sleep behaviour disorder: a multicentre study

            Ronald Postuma, Alex Iranzo, Michele Hu … (2019)
            See Morris and Weil (doi:10.1093/brain/awz014) for a scientific commentary on this article. In a prospective multicentre study involving 1280 patients with idiopathic RBD, Postuma et al. show that approximately 6% of patients each year (>73.5% over 12 years) convert to full neurodegenerative disease. They test the predictive power of 21 prodromal markers of neurodegeneration, providing a template for planning neuroprotective trials.
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              A systematic review of CPAP adherence across age groups: clinical and empiric insights for developing CPAP adherence interventions.

              Brenda K Richards, D Ofer, S Gooneratne … (2011)
              Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) is a highly efficacious treatment for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) but adherence to the treatment limits its overall effectiveness across all age groups of patients. Factors that influence adherence to CPAP include disease and patient characteristics, treatment titration procedures, technological device factors and side effects, and psychological and social factors. These influential factors have guided the development of interventions to promote CPAP adherence. Various intervention strategies have been described and include educational, technological, psychosocial, pharmacological, and multi-dimensional approaches. Though evidence to date has led to innovative strategies that address adherence in CPAP-treated children, adults, and older adults, significant opportunities exist to develop and test interventions that are clinically applicable, specific to sub-groups of patients likely to demonstrate poor adherence, and address the multi-factorial nature of CPAP adherence. The translation of CPAP adherence promotion interventions to clinical practice is imperative to improve health and functional outcomes in all persons with CPAP-treated OSA. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): J Clin Med
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): J Clin Med
                Journal ID (publisher-id): jcm
                Title: Journal of Clinical Medicine
                Publisher: MDPI
                ISSN (Electronic): 2077-0383
                Publication date (Electronic): 21 January 2020
                Publication date Collection: February 2020
                Volume: 9
                Issue: 2
                Electronic Location Identifier: 297
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Respiratory Epidemiology and Clinical Research Unit, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3S5, Canada; annie.lajoie@ 123456mail.mcgill.ca (A.C.L.); r.kimoff@ 123456mcgill.ca (R.J.K.)
                [2 ]Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada; anne-louise.lafontaine@ 123456mcgill.ca
                [3 ]Respiratory Division & Sleep Laboratory, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
                Author notes
                Article
                Publisher ID: jcm-09-00297
                DOI: 10.3390/jcm9020297
                PMC ID: 7073991
                PubMed ID: 31973065
                SO-VID: 06d15b91-62df-4f7d-bbb2-497ad1bba863
                Copyright © © 2020 by the authors.
                License:

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 21 December 2019
                Date accepted : 19 January 2020
                Categories
                Subject: Review

                Keywords: obstructive sleep apnea,neurodegenerative diseases,parkinson’s disease,alzheimer’s disease
                Data availability:
                Keywords: obstructive sleep apnea, neurodegenerative diseases, parkinson’s disease, alzheimer’s disease

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