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      Maxillary lateral incisor agenesis; a retrospective cross-sectional study

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          Abstract

          Objective

          This study aims to estimate the prevalence of congenitally missing lateral incisors in a sample of 2662 dental patients in Palestine.

          Methods

          A total of 2662 digital panoramic radiographs were retrospectively examined for the presence of congenitally missing permanent lateral incisors. The radiographs were obtained from the archival records of patients attending a local dental center at the city of Nablus in Palestine.

          Results

          The prevalence of missing lateral incisors among the examined population (n = 2662) was found to be 1.91%. Unilateral agenesis accounted for 66.6% of the total cases that showed at least one missing lateral incisor. Around 79% of the unilateral cases were on the left side while 21% were on the right side. Bilateral agenesis accounted for 33.3% of 34 cases that had at least one congenitally missing permanent maxillary lateral incisor.

          Conclusion

          The prevalence of missing maxillary lateral incisors in this study population was 1.91%) which was within the range reported in different populations.

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          Most cited references38

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          A meta-analysis of the prevalence of dental agenesis of permanent teeth.

          A. L. Hof, Sven P. F. I. van Ommeren, Robert Kuijpers … (2004)
          To gain more insight into the prevalence of dental agenesis. Data from Caucasian populations in North America, Australia and Europe were included in a meta-analysis. For the prevalence of African American, Chinese and Arab groups only indications could be reported because of a limited number of studies. Agenesis differs by continent and gender: the prevalence for both sexes was higher in Europe (males 4.6%; females 6.3%) and Australia (males 5.5%; females 7.6%) than for North American Caucasians (males 3.2%; females 4.6%). In addition, the prevalence of dental agenesis in females was 1.37 times higher than in males. The mandibular second premolar was the most affected tooth, followed by the maxillary lateral incisor and the maxillary second premolar. The occurrence of dental agenesis was divided into three main groups: common (P2(i) > I2(s) > P2(s)), less common (I1(i) > I2(i) & P1(s) > C(s) & M2(i)) and rare (M2(s) & M1(s) > C(i) > M1(i) & I1(s)). Unilateral occurrence of dental agenesis is more common than bilateral occurrence. However, bilateral agenesis of maxillary lateral incisors is more common than unilateral agenesis. The overall prevalence of agenesis in the maxilla is comparable with that in the mandible, but a marked difference was found between both jaws regarding tooth type. Absence of one or two permanent teeth is found in 83% of the subjects with dental agenesis. A practical application of the results of the meta-analysis is the estimation of dental treatment need. Copyright Blackwell Munksgaard, 2004
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            Prevalence and distribution of dental anomalies in orthodontic patients.

            Dilek Erdem, Ayse Tuba Altug-Atac (2007)
            The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of developmental dental anomalies in the Turkish population. The study was based on the dental casts, intraoral photographs, and panoramic radiographs of 3043 Turkish children (1658 girls, 1385 boys) who had orthodontic treatment at the Department of Orthodontics at the University of Ankara between 1978 and 2003. These patients were examined for 8 developmental dental anomalies: fusion, gemination, microdontia, macrodontia, oligodontia, hypodontia, hyperdontia, and amelogenesis imperfecta. The percentages of these anomalies were assessed in the whole group, and the sexes were compared. It was found that 5.46% of the total group had at least 1 developmental dental anomaly. The distribution by sex was 70 boys (5.05%) and 96 girls (5.79%). Hypodontia is the most common developmental dental anomaly in the Turkish population, followed by microdontia.
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              Dental agenesis: genetic and clinical perspectives.

              Stanley L. Marks, J. Silva, L. Martens … (2008)
              Dental agenesis is the most common developmental anomaly in humans and is frequently associated with several other oral abnormalities. Whereas the incidence of missing teeth may vary considerably depending on dentition, gender, and demographic or geographic profiles, distinct patterns of agenesis have been detected in the permanent dentition. These frequently involve the last teeth of a class to develop (I2, P2, M3) suggesting a possible link with evolutionary trends. Hypodontia can either occur as an isolated condition (non-syndromic hypodontia) involving one (80% of cases), a few (less than 10%) or many teeth (less than 1%), or can be associated with a systemic condition or syndrome (syndromic hypodontia), essentially reflecting the genetically and phenotypically heterogeneity of the condition. Based on our present knowledge of genes and transcription factors that are involved in tooth development, it is assumed that different phenotypic forms are caused by different genes involving different interacting molecular pathways, providing an explanation not only for the wide variety in agenesis patterns but also for associations of dental agenesis with other oral anomalies. At present, the list of genes involved in human non-syndromic hypodontia includes not only those encoding a signaling molecule (TGFA) and transcription factors (MSX1 and PAX9) that play critical roles during early craniofacial development, but also genes coding for a protein involved in canonical Wnt signaling (AXIN2), and a transmembrane receptor of fibroblast growth factors (FGFR1). Our objective was to review the current literature on the molecular mechanisms that are responsible for selective dental agenesis in humans and to present a detailed overview of syndromes with hypodontia and their causative genes. These new perspectives and future challenges in the field of identification of possible candidate genes involved in dental agenesis are discussed.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Naji Ziad Arandi
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Saudi Dent J
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Saudi Dent J
                Title: The Saudi Dental Journal
                Publisher: Elsevier
                ISSN (Print): 1013-9052
                ISSN (Electronic): 1658-3558
                Publication date PMC-release: 09 January 2018
                Publication date (Print): April 2018
                Publication date (Electronic): 09 January 2018
                Volume: 30
                Issue: 2
                Pages: 155-160
                Affiliations
                P.O. Box 240 Jenin, 13 Zababdeh, Jenin, West Bank 970, Palestine
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding author. Naji.arandi@ 123456aauj.edu
                Article
                Publisher ID: S1013-9052(18)30001-4
                DOI: 10.1016/j.sdentj.2017.12.006
                PMC ID: 5884225
                PubMed ID: 29628739
                SO-VID: 06b98f70-9999-4171-9d33-a63d1ec8afc4
                Copyright © © 2018 The Authors
                License:

                This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 21 August 2017
                Date revision received : 18 November 2017
                Date accepted : 28 December 2017
                Categories
                Subject: Original Article

                Keywords: tooth agenesis,permanent maxillary lateral incisors,retrospective,prevalence
                Data availability:
                Keywords: tooth agenesis, permanent maxillary lateral incisors, retrospective, prevalence

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