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      The Serum S100B Level as a Biomarker of Enteroglial Activation in Patients with Ulcerative Colitis

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          Abstract

          Objective. Recent studies have demonstrated that enteric glial cells (EGC) participate in the homeostasis of the gastrointestinal tract. This study investigated whether enteroglial markers, including S100B protein and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), can serve as noninvasive indicators of EGC activation and disease activity in UC patients. Methods. This clinical prospective study included 35 patients with UC and 40 age- and sex-matched controls. The diagnosis of UC was based on standard clinical, radiological, endoscopic, and histological criteria. Clinical disease activity was evaluated using the Modified Truelove-Witts Severity Index. Serum samples were analyzed for human GFAP and S100B using commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. Results. GFAP was not detected in the serum of either UC patients or controls ( P > 0.05). However, we found a significant ( P < 0.001) decrease in the serum S100B levels in the UC patients. No correlation between the serum S100B level and the disease activity or duration was observed ( P > 0.05). The serum S100B levels did not differ between UC patients with active disease (24 patients, 68.6%) or in remission (11 patients, 31.4%) ( P > 0.05). Conclusions. Ulcerative colitis patients had significantly lower serum S100B levels, while GFAP was of no diagnostic value in UC patients.

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          Most cited references34

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          A review of activity indices and efficacy end points for clinical trials of medical therapy in adults with ulcerative colitis.

          Geert Ram d'Haens, William J Sandborn, Brian Feagan … (2007)
          Article 0 comments Cited 310 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Cyclosporine in severe ulcerative colitis refractory to steroid therapy.

            S Lichtiger, D Present, A Kornbluth … (1994)
            There has been no new effective drug therapy for patients with severe ulcerative colitis since corticosteroids were introduced almost 40 years ago. In an uncontrolled study, 80 percent of 32 patients with active ulcerative colitis refractory to corticosteroid therapy had a response to cyclosporine therapy. We conducted a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial in which cyclosporine (4 mg per kilogram of body weight per day) or placebo was administered by continuous intravenous infusion to 20 patients with severe ulcerative colitis whose condition had not improved after at least 7 days of intravenous corticosteroid therapy. A response to therapy was defined as an improvement in a numerical symptom score (0 indicated no symptoms, and 21 severe symptoms) leading to discharge from the hospital and treatment with oral medications. Failure to respond to therapy resulted in colectomy, but some patients in the placebo group who had no response and no urgent need for surgery were subsequently treated with cyclosporine. Nine of 11 patients (82 percent) treated with cyclosporine had a response within a mean of seven days, as compared with 0 of 9 patients who received placebo (P < 0.001). The mean clinical-activity score fell from 13 to 6 in the cyclosporine group, as compared with a decrease from 14 to 13 in the placebo group. All five patients in the placebo group who later received cyclosporine therapy had a response. Intravenous cyclosporine therapy is rapidly effective for patients with severe corticosteroid-resistant ulcerative colitis.
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              Glial fibrillary acidic protein: GFAP-thirty-one years (1969-2000).

              L F Eng, R Ghirnikar, Y. Lee (2000)
              It is now well established that the glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) is the principal 8-9 nm intermediate filament in mature astrocytes of the central nervous system (CNS). Over a decade ago, the value of GFAP as a prototype antigen in nervous tissue identification and as a standard marker for fundamental and applied research at an interdisciplinary level was recognized (Raine, 135). As a member of the cytoskeletal protein family, GFAP is thought to be important in modulating astrocyte motility and shape by providing structural stability to astrocytic processes. In the CNS of higher vertebrates, following injury, either as a result of trauma, disease, genetic disorders, or chemical insult, astrocytes become reactive and respond in a typical manner, termed astrogliosis. Astrogliosis is characterized by rapid synthesis of GFAP and is demonstrated by increase in protein content or by immunostaining with GFAP antibody. In addition to the major application of GFAP antisera for routine use in astrocyte identification in the CNS, the molecular cloning of the mouse gene in 1985 has opened a new and rich realm for GFAP studies. These include antisense, null mice, and numerous promoter studies. Studies showing that mice lacking GFAP are hypersensitive to cervical spinal cord injury caused by sudden acceleration of the head have provided more direct evidence for a structural role of GFAP. While the structural function of GFAP has become more acceptable, the use of GFAP antibodies and promoters continue to be valuable in studying CNS injury, disease, and development.
              Article 0 comments Cited 234 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Int J Inflam
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Int J Inflam
                Journal ID (publisher-id): IJI
                Title: International Journal of Inflammation
                Publisher: Hindawi Publishing Corporation
                ISSN (Print): 2090-8040
                ISSN (Electronic): 2042-0099
                Publication date (Print): 2014
                Publication date (Electronic): 30 March 2014
                Volume: 2014
                Electronic Location Identifier: 986525
                Affiliations
                1Department of Neurology, Medical School, Bozok University, 66200 Yozgat, Turkey
                2Department of Gastroenterology, Medical School, Bozok University, 66200 Yozgat, Turkey
                3Department of Medical Biology, Medical School, Bozok University, 66200 Yozgat, Turkey
                4Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, Bozok University, 66200 Yozgat, Turkey
                5Department of Gastroenterology, Medical School, Erciyes University, 38039 Kayseri, Turkey
                6Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, Erciyes University, 38039 Kayseri, Turkey
                7Department of Pathology, Medical School, Erciyes University, 38039 Kayseri, Turkey
                8Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Medical School, Bozok University, 66200 Yozgat, Turkey
                Author notes
                *Asuman Celikbilek: asunebioglu@ 123456yahoo.com

                Academic Editor: Jonathan Steven Alexander

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2367-1128
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8890-3885
                Article
                DOI: 10.1155/2014/986525
                PMC ID: 3985341
                PubMed ID: 24790767
                SO-VID: 06a281fd-82a7-4b5a-a5db-1f5217cbe67c
                Copyright © Copyright © 2014 Asuman Celikbilek et al.
                License:

                This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 23 December 2013
                Date revision received : 6 February 2014
                Date accepted : 6 March 2014
                Categories
                Subject: Research Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Immunology
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Immunology

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