Polarization sensitive optical coherence tomography in the human eye

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Abstract

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) has become a well established imaging tool in ophthalmology. The unprecedented depth resolution that is provided by this technique yields valuable information on different ocular tissues ranging from the anterior to the posterior eye segment. Polarization sensitive OCT (PS-OCT) extends the concept of OCT and utilizes the information that is carried by polarized light to obtain additional information on the tissue. Several structures in the eye (e.g. cornea, retinal nerve fiber layer, retinal pigment epithelium) alter the polarization state of the light and show therefore a tissue specific contrast in PS-OCT images. First this review outlines the basic concepts of polarization changing light–tissue interactions and gives a short introduction in PS-OCT instruments for ophthalmic imaging. In a second part a variety of different applications of this technique are presented in ocular imaging that are ranging from the anterior to the posterior eye segment. Finally the benefits of the method for imaging different diseases as, e.g., age related macula degeneration (AMD) or glaucoma is demonstrated.

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Optical coherence tomography.

D. Huang, E Swanson, C. Lin … (1991)

A technique called optical coherence tomography (OCT) has been developed for noninvasive cross-sectional imaging in biological systems. OCT uses low-coherence interferometry to produce a two-dimensional image of optical scattering from internal tissue microstructures in a way that is analogous to ultrasonic pulse-echo imaging. OCT has longitudinal and lateral spatial resolutions of a few micrometers and can detect reflected signals as small as approximately 10(-10) of the incident optical power. Tomographic imaging is demonstrated in vitro in the peripapillary area of the retina and in the coronary artery, two clinically relevant examples that are representative of transparent and turbid media, respectively.

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Optical coherence tomography of the human retina.

M. Hee, J. Izatt, E Swanson … (1995)

To demonstrate optical coherence tomography for high-resolution, noninvasive imaging of the human retina. Optical coherence tomography is a new imaging technique analogous to ultrasound B scan that can provide cross-sectional images of the retina with micrometer-scale resolution. Survey optical coherence tomographic examination of the retina, including the macula and optic nerve head in normal human subjects. Research laboratory. Convenience sample of normal human subjects. Correlation of optical coherence retinal tomographs with known normal retinal anatomy. Optical coherence tomographs can discriminate the cross-sectional morphologic features of the fovea and optic disc, the layered structure of the retina, and normal anatomic variations in retinal and retinal nerve fiber layer thicknesses with 10-microns depth resolution. Optical coherence tomography is a potentially useful technique for high depth resolution, cross-sectional examination of the fundus.

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Risk factors associated with age-related macular degeneration. A case-control study in the age-related eye disease study: Age-Related Eye Disease Study Report Number 3.

(2000)

To investigate possible risk factors for age-related macular degeneration (AMD) in participants in the Age-Related Eye Disease Study (AREDS). Case-control study. Of the 4757 persons enrolled in AREDS, 4519 persons aged 60 to 80 years were included in this study. The lesions associated with AMD ranged from absent in both eyes to advanced in one eye. Stereoscopic color fundus photographs of the macula were used to place participants into one of five groups, based on the frequency and severity of lesions associated with AMD. Participants with fewer than 15 small drusen served as the control group. Staged model building techniques were used to compare each of the four case groups with the control group. Increased age was a consistent finding of all four of the case groups compared with the control group, and all the following associations were age adjusted. Persons with either intermediate drusen, extensive small drusen, or the pigment abnormalities associated with AMD (group 2) were more likely to be female, more likely to have a history of arthritis, and less likely to have a history of angina. Persons with one or more large drusen or extensive intermediate drusen (group 3) were more likely to use hydrochlorothiazide diuretics and more likely to have arthritis. Hypertension, hyperopia, presence of lens opacities, and white race were also found more frequently in this group as well as in persons with neovascular AMD (group 5). Only persons in group 5 were more likely to have an increased body mass index, whereas persons with geographic atrophy (group 4) as well as those in groups 3 and 5 were more likely to have completed fewer years in school or to be smokers. Those with geographic atrophy were also more likely to use thyroid hormones and antacids. Our findings for smoking and hypertension, which have been noted in previous studies, suggest that two important public health recommendations, the avoidance of smoking and the prevention of hypertension, may reduce the risk of developing AMD. Other associations, such as those for hyperopia, lens opacities, less education, female gender, increased body mass index, and white race, which have been noted in other studies, are also seen in the AREDS population. The increased use of thyroid hormones and antacids in persons with geographic atrophy and the increased likelihood of arthritis or hydrochlorothiazide use in persons with one or more large drusen or extensive intermediate drusen have not been previously reported and need additional investigation.

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Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Prog Retin Eye Res

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Prog Retin Eye Res

Title: Progress in Retinal and Eye Research

Publisher: Pergamon

ISSN (Print): 1350-9462

ISSN (Electronic): 1873-1635

Publication date PMC-release: November 2011

Publication date (Print): November 2011

Volume: 30

Issue: 6

Pages: 431-451

Affiliations

[a ]Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringerstr. 13, 1090 Vienna, Austria

[b ]Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria

Author notes

[∗ ]Corresponding author. Tel.: +431427760728; fax: +43142779607. michael.pircher@ 123456meduniwien.ac.at

Article

Publisher ID: JPRR456

DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2011.06.003

PMC ID: 3205186

PubMed ID: 21729763

SO-VID: 06622e46-5bee-4f1a-b595-3dd4ebfdec0e

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Polarization sensitive optical coherence tomography in the human eye

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Karger: Ophthalmology

Most cited references 148

Optical coherence tomography.

Optical coherence tomography of the human retina.

Risk factors associated with age-related macular degeneration. A case-control study in the age-related eye disease study: Age-Related Eye Disease Study Report Number 3.

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