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      Toxicological effects of meloxicam on physiological and antioxidant status of common carp ( Cyprinus carpio)

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          Abstract

          Background

          Fish in aquatic environments are end consumers of the food chain and are widely used for the evolution effects of environmental pollution and their interactions in aquatic ecosystem.

          Objective

          In the present study, common carp ( Cyprinus carpio) fingerlings were selected to assess the potential risk and aquatic toxicity of meloxicam as a non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory and a commonly used pharmaceutical drug.

          Methods

          In order to evaluate meloxicam toxicological effect on haematological, antioxidant status, enzymological and histological parameters, based on its LC50 24 h acute toxicity (10.05 mg L −1), fish fingerlings were exposed to four doses of meloxicam including; 0 (control), 0.1 (low), 1 (medium) and 2 mg L −1 (high) under static bioassay method for 28 days.

          Results

          The results showed that sublethal doses of meloxicam significantly decreased alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) levels in comparison with the control group after 28 days ( p < 0.05). However, red blood cell, haematocrit, haemoglobin and malondialdehyde values in fish exposed to meloxicam significantly increased alongside its concentration ( p < 0.05) more than the control group after 28 days. SOD, CAT and GPX mRNA expression levels in gill, liver, kidney and brain organ of fish under meloxicam treatment were significantly down‐regulated compared to the control group ( p < 0.05). Histopathological assessment showed the increased vacuolation in hepatocytes in liver of fish exposure to medium and high doses of meloxicam.

          Conclusion

          In conclusion, meloxicam induces oxidative stress in common carp which results a disruption of physiological and health status of this species based on our current findings.

          Abstract

          Graphical Abstract: In the present study, common carp ( Cyprinus carpio) fingerlings were selected to assess the potential risk and aquatic toxicity of meloxicam as a non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory and a commonly used pharmaceutical drug.

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          Most cited references53

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          Lipid Peroxidation: Production, Metabolism, and Signaling Mechanisms of Malondialdehyde and 4-Hydroxy-2-Nonenal

          Lipid peroxidation can be described generally as a process under which oxidants such as free radicals attack lipids containing carbon-carbon double bond(s), especially polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). Over the last four decades, an extensive body of literature regarding lipid peroxidation has shown its important role in cell biology and human health. Since the early 1970s, the total published research articles on the topic of lipid peroxidation was 98 (1970–1974) and has been increasing at almost 135-fold, by up to 13165 in last 4 years (2010–2013). New discoveries about the involvement in cellular physiology and pathology, as well as the control of lipid peroxidation, continue to emerge every day. Given the enormity of this field, this review focuses on biochemical concepts of lipid peroxidation, production, metabolism, and signaling mechanisms of two main omega-6 fatty acids lipid peroxidation products: malondialdehyde (MDA) and, in particular, 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4-HNE), summarizing not only its physiological and protective function as signaling molecule stimulating gene expression and cell survival, but also its cytotoxic role inhibiting gene expression and promoting cell death. Finally, overviews of in vivo mammalian model systems used to study the lipid peroxidation process, and common pathological processes linked to MDA and 4-HNE are shown.
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            Prooxidant and antioxidant mechanisms in aquatic organisms

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              Extending life span by increasing oxidative stress.

              Various nutritional, behavioral, and pharmacological interventions have been previously shown to extend life span in diverse model organisms, including Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Caenorhabditis elegans, Drosophila melanogaster, mice, and rats, as well as possibly monkeys and humans. This review aims to summarize published evidence that several longevity-promoting interventions may converge by causing an activation of mitochondrial oxygen consumption to promote increased formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). These serve as molecular signals to exert downstream effects to ultimately induce endogenous defense mechanisms culminating in increased stress resistance and longevity, an adaptive response more specifically named mitochondrial hormesis or mitohormesis. Consistently, we here summarize findings that antioxidant supplements that prevent these ROS signals interfere with the health-promoting and life-span-extending capabilities of calorie restriction and physical exercise. Taken together and consistent with ample published evidence, the findings summarized here question Harman's Free Radical Theory of Aging and rather suggest that ROS act as essential signaling molecules to promote metabolic health and longevity. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                agharaei551@uoz.ac.ir
                Journal
                Vet Med Sci
                Vet Med Sci
                10.1002/(ISSN)2053-1095
                VMS3
                Veterinary Medicine and Science
                John Wiley and Sons Inc. (Hoboken )
                2053-1095
                24 August 2023
                September 2023
                : 9
                : 5 ( doiID: 10.1002/vms3.v9.5 )
                : 2085-2094
                Affiliations
                [ 1 ] Department of Fisheries Natural Resources Faculty University of Zabol Zabol Sistan … Balouchestan Iran
                [ 2 ] Department of Fisheries Hamoun International Wetland Research Institute Research Institute of Zbol Zabol Sistan … Balouchestan Iran
                [ 3 ] Department of Pathobiology Faculty of Veterinary University of Zabol Zabol Sistan … Balouchestan Iran
                [ 4 ] Department of Biology Faculty of Science University of Zabol Zabol Sistan … Balouchestan Iran
                Author notes
                [*] [* ] Correspondence

                Ahmad Gharaei, Department of Fisheries, Hamoun International Wetland Research Institute and Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Zabol, P.O. Box: 98615‐538, Zabol, Sistan & Balouchestan, Iran.

                Email: agharaei551@ 123456uoz.ac.ir

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0942-0592
                Article
                VMS31207
                10.1002/vms3.1207
                10508569
                37616188
                062f16ed-074a-4204-8f97-9c661e484b18
                © 2023 The Authors. Veterinary Medicine and Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

                This is an open access article under the terms of the http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non‐commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.

                History
                : 29 December 2022
                : 16 December 2021
                : 06 July 2023
                Page count
                Figures: 5, Tables: 5, Pages: 10, Words: 6746
                Funding
                Funded by: Hamoon International Wetland Research Institute
                Funded by: University of Zabol , doi 10.13039/501100017252;
                Award ID: IR‐UOZ‐GR‐7925
                Categories
                Original Article
                FISH
                Original Articles
                Custom metadata
                2.0
                September 2023
                Converter:WILEY_ML3GV2_TO_JATSPMC version:6.3.4 mode:remove_FC converted:19.09.2023

                antioxidant status, cyprinus carpio; haematology,meloxicam,relative mrna expression

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